Spontaneous ignition limits of silane and phosphine

Kondô, Shigeo; Tokuhashi, Kazuaki; Nagai, Hideyuki; Iwasaka, Masaji; Kaise, Masahiro

doi:10.1016/0010-2180(94)00175-r

Cited by 30 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…24 Low dose dopamine (4–6 μg/kg/min) is given to keep systolic blood pressure >90 mm Hg. Hydrocortisone 200–400 mg every 4–6 h is given intravenously to combat shock, reduce the dose of dopamine, check capillary leakage in lungs (ARDS) and to potentiate the responsiveness of the body to endogenous and exogenous atecholamines [10-12]. Oxygen is given for hypoxia.…”

Section: Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each 3 g tablet releases 1 g of phosphine and so each 0.6 g pellet 0.2 g of phosphine gas on exposure to moisture and leaves behind a non-toxic grayish residue of aluminum hydroxide. In addition to these chemical properties, phosphine may spontaneously ignite in the presence of oxygen at concentrations above a threshold limit range of 0.48-1.9% (v/v) [12]. Phosphine gas is colorless and odorless but in exposure to air it may give a foul odor (garlicky or decaying fish) due to the presence of substituted phosphines and diphosphines [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An update on toxicology of aluminum phosphide

2012

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Aluminum phosphide (AlP) is a cheap solid fumigant and a highly toxic pesticide which is commonly used for grain preservation. In Iran it is known as the “rice tablet”. AlP has currently aroused interest with increasing number of cases in the past four decades due to increased use in agricultural and non-agricultural purposesand also its easy availability in the markets has increased its misuse to commit suicide. Upon contact with moisture in the environment, AlP undergoes a chemical reaction yielding phosphine gas, which is the active pesticidal component. Phosphine inhibits cellular oxygen utilization and can induce lipid peroxidation. It was reported that AlP has a mortality rate more than 50% of intoxication cases. Poisoning with AlP has usually occurred in attempts to suicide. It is a more common case in adults rather than teen agers. In some eastern countries it is a very common agent with rapid action for suicide. Up to date, there is no effective antidote or treatment for its intoxication. Also, some experimental results suggest that magnesium sulfate, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), glutathione, vitamin C and E, beta-carotenes, coconut oil and melatonin may play an important role in reducing the oxidative outcomes of phosphine. This article reviews the experimental and clinical features of AlP intoxication and tries to suggest a way to encounter its poisoning.

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Section: Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An update on toxicology of aluminum phosphide

2012

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“…[3][4][5][6][7][8] However, the chemical kinetic mechanism of silane combustion is complex and not fully understood. For example, the chemical kinetic mechanism for SiO formation in fuel-rich flame is unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics of the SiH₃ + O₂ Reaction: A New Transition State for SiO Production

Murakami¹,

Koshi²,

Matsui³

et al. 1996

J. Phys. Chem.

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The mechanism of SiO formation in the laser photolysis of SiH 4 /O 2 /CCl 4 mixtures was investigated using a laser-induced fluorescence method. Measured rates for the SiO production corresponded to the decay rates of SiH 3 radical and depended linearly on the O 2 concentration. The yield of SiO was estimated on the basis of LIF intensity, and it was found that SiO was one of the major products in the SiH 3 + O 2 reaction. The bimolecular rate constant for the SiO production was determined to be (1.14 ( 0.18) × 10 -11 cm 3 molecules -1 s -1 . Ab initio molecular orbital calculations were performed for various pathways of the SiH 3 + O 2 reaction. Geometries were optimized at the MP2(full)/6-31G(d) level of theory, and relative energies and barrier heights were calculated at the G2(MP2) level of theory. Silyl radical and O 2 react to form SiH 3 OO, which irreversibly decomposes to various excited products. A new transition state for the production of cyclic H 2 SiO 2 (siladioxirane) + H from SiH 3 OO adduct was found. Possible decomposition channels of the vibrationally excited products of the SiH 3 + O 2 reaction to produce SiO are discussed.

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“…There seems to be a misconception that phosphine would have a lower ignition threshold concentration and more likely self-ignite in oxygen enriched atmospheres. In reality, all past research indicated that higher oxygen levels actually suppress combustion reaction of phosphine and the explosion limit of phosphine in oxygen enriched air is higher than 1.8% (Bond and Miller 1988, Ohtani et al 1989, Kondo et al 1995. In 99.99% O 2 , the lowest phosphine concentration for combustion reaction to occur is 2.18%, which is higher than the lowest phosphine concentration of 1.86% for combustion reaction in the air with 20.99% O 2 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Oxygenated Phosphine Fumigation for Control of <I>Nasonovia ribisnigri</I> (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Harvested Lettuce

Liu¹

2012

jnl. econ. entom.

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Low temperature regular phosphine fumigations under the normal oxygen level and oxygenated phosphine fumigations under superatmospheric oxygen levels were compared for efficacy against the aphid, Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley), and effects on postharvest quality of romaine and head lettuce. Low temperature regular phosphine fumigation was effective against the aphid. However, a 3 d treatment with high phosphine concentrations of > or = 2,000 ppm was needed for complete control of the aphid. Oxygen greatly increased phosphine toxicity and significantly reduced both treatment time and phosphine concentration for control of N. ribisnigri. At 1,000 ppm phosphine, 72 h regular fumigations at 6 degrees C did not achieve 100% mortality of the aphid. The 1,000 ppm phosphine fumigation under 60% O2 killed all aphids in 30 h. Both a 72 h regular fumigation with 2,200 ppm phosphine and a 48 h oxygenated fumigation with 1,000 ppm phosphine under 60% O2 were tested on romaine and head lettuce at 3 degrees C. Both treatments achieved complete control of N. ribisnigri. However, the 72 h regular fumigation resulted in significantly higher percentages of lettuce with injuries and significantly lower lettuce internal quality scores than the 48 h oxygenated phosphine fumigation. Although the oxygenated phosphine fumigation also caused injuries to some treated lettuce, lettuce quality remained very good and the treatment is not expected to have a significant impact on marketability of the lettuce. This study demonstrated that oxygenated phosphine fumigation was more effective and less phytotoxic for controlling N. ribisnigri on harvested lettuce than regular phosphine fumigation and is promising for practical use.

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Spontaneous ignition limits of silane and phosphine

Cited by 30 publications

References 18 publications

An update on toxicology of aluminum phosphide

An update on toxicology of aluminum phosphide

Kinetics of the SiH₃ + O₂ Reaction: A New Transition State for SiO Production

Oxygenated Phosphine Fumigation for Control of <I>Nasonovia ribisnigri</I> (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Harvested Lettuce

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Spontaneous ignition limits of silane and phosphine

Cited by 30 publications

References 18 publications

An update on toxicology of aluminum phosphide

An update on toxicology of aluminum phosphide

Kinetics of the SiH3 + O2 Reaction: A New Transition State for SiO Production

Oxygenated Phosphine Fumigation for Control of <I>Nasonovia ribisnigri</I> (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Harvested Lettuce

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Kinetics of the SiH₃ + O₂ Reaction: A New Transition State for SiO Production