Spontaneous Hybridization Between Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus) and Weedy B. campestris (Brassicaceae): A Risk of Growing Genetically Modified Oilseed Rape

Jørgensen, Rikke Bagger; Andersen, Bente

doi:10.2307/2445340

Cited by 160 publications

(155 citation statements)

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“…(*Expected paternity includes, in addition to previous components, the seed germination rate.) Jørgensen and Andersen, 1994;Jørgensen et al, 1996). Matings by F 1 fathers are thus selected against at this life stage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cultivated oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and weedy B. rapa are able to hybridise and backcross spontaneously in fields and in experiments (Jørgensen and Andersen, 1994;Jørgensen et al, 1996;Mikkelsen et al, 1996), even though the frequency of hybrid seeds varies a lot between experiments (Jørgensen and Andersen, 1994), fields and geographical regions (Wilkinson et al, 2000). Surprisingly, F 1 plants sometimes set many more seeds than B. rapa (Hauser et al, 1998b) but much fewer in other cases (Mikkelsen, 1996;Jørgensen et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Male fitness of oilseed rape (Brassica napus), weedy B. rapa and their F1 hybrids when pollinating B. rapa seeds

Pertl

Hauser

Damgaard³

et al. 2002

Heredity

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The likelihood that two species hybridise and backcross may depend strongly on environmental conditions, and possibly on competitive interactions between parents and hybrids. We studied the paternity of seeds produced by weedy Brassica rapa growing in mixtures with oilseed rape (B. napus) and their F 1 hybrids at different frequencies and densities. Paternity was determined by the presence of a transgene, morphology, and AFLP markers. In addition, observations of flower and pollen production, and published data on pollen fertilisation success, zygote survival, and seed germination, allowed us to estimate an expected paternity. The frequency and density of B. napus, B. rapa, and F 1 plants had a strong influence on flower, pollen, and seed production, and on the

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Male fitness of oilseed rape (Brassica napus), weedy B. rapa and their F1 hybrids when pollinating B. rapa seeds

Pertl

Hauser

Damgaard³

et al. 2002

Heredity

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“…This is not surprising, as B. rapa (AA genome, 2n 020 chromosomes) is one of the progenitor species of B. napus (AACC genome, 2n 038 chromosomes). Spontaneous hybridization and introgression between weedy B. rapa and B. napus was reported in Danish studies (Jørgensen and Andersen 1994;Jørgensen et al 1996;Landbo et al 1996;Hansen et al 2001Hansen et al , 2003,United States field studies (Halfhill et al 2002, and United Kingdom studies (Wilkinson et al 2003); and between cultivated lines of B. rapa and B. napus in field experiments in Canada (Bing et al 1996b). Based on the distribution of herbarium specimens, weedy B. rapa has a limited distribution as an agricultural and/or ruderal weed in B. napus growing areas in Quebec ).…”

Section: Female Parent)male Parent Citationmentioning

confidence: 93%

The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 137. Brassica napus L. and B. rapa L.

Gulden¹,

Warwick²,

Thomas³

2008

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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. 2008. The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 137. Brassica napus L. and B. rapa. Can. J. Plan Sci. 88: 951Á996. Brassica napus and B. rapa are native to Eurasia. In Canada, these species are commonly referred to as volunteer canola, while feral populations of B. rapa are referred to as birdrape. Brassica napus and B. rapa have been grown commercially for their seed oil content in western Canada since the middle of the last century and volunteer populations are common in fields. Escaped populations of both species are also found along roadways, railways and in waste areas; however, only B. rapa is known to have naturalized, self-sustaining feral populations in these habitats in eastern Canada. Despite these escaped and feral populations, B. napus and B. rapa are mainly a concern in agricultural fields where their combined relative abundance has increased over the past few decades. In the mid 1990s, herbicideresistant genotypes of B. napus were released for commercial production. Herbicide-resistance and the stacking of genes in volunteer populations conferring resistance to multiple herbicides have contributed to increased difficulties in controlling volunteer B. napus in some crops. However, yield loss resulting from volunteer populations is not well documented in Canada.Key words: Brassica napus, Brassica rapa, herbicide resistance, transgene escape, volunteer canola, weed biology Gulden, R. H., Warwick, S. I. et Thomas, A. G. 2008. La biologie des mauvaises herbes au Canada. 137. Brassica napus L. et B. rapa L. Can. J. Plant Sci. 88: 951Á996. Brassica napus et B. rapa sont des plantes originaires d'Eurasie. Au Canada, on les de´signe souvent sous l'expression « canola spontane´», tandis que les peuplements sauvages de B. rapa sont appele´s « navette ». Dans l'Ouest canadien, Brassica napus et B. rapa sont cultive´s commercialement pour l'huile que renferment leurs graines depuis le milieu du sie`cle dernier et les repousses spontane´es sont devenues monnaie courante dans les champs. On observe des peuplements des deux espe`ces le long des routes et des voies ferre´es ainsi que dans les terrains vagues, cependant on sait que seule B. rapa s'est acclimate´e pour donner des populations sauvages et stables dans les meˆmes habitats, dans l'est du pays. Malgre´cela, B. napus et B. rapa demeurent surtout pre´occupants dans les cultures, oul eur abondance relative, une fois combine´s, s'est accrue au cours des dernie`res de´cennies. Au milieu des anne´e 1990, des ge´notypes de B. napus re´sistants aux herbicides ont e´te´homologue´s pour la culture commerciale. Cette re´sistance et l'accumulation des ge`nes qui la codent dans les peuplements spontane´s ont concouru a`compliquer la lutte contre les repousses de B. napus dans certaines cultures. Quoi qu'il en soit, les pertes de rendement qui en re´sultent sont mal e´taye´es au Canada.

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“…The hybrids also backcrossed spontaneously to the weedy species in the field. The results have been reported [1][2][3][4][5][6] and they are summarized in Table 1. B. rapa and interspecific transgenic hybrids were sown together in field experiments to assess the extent of backcrossing. Seed set per pod on interspecific hybrids was low (approximately 2.5) compared to seed set on the parental species (typically 16 to 23).…”

Section: Frequencies Of Spontaneous Hybridisation and Backcrossing Bementioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological Risks of Growing Genetically Modified Crops.

Jørgensen¹,

Andersen²,

Snow³

et al. 1999

Plant Biotechnology

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Genetic modification can become a major achievement to plant breeding. However, genetic modification differs from traditional breeding in that totally new traits-for example from unrelated organisms-can be added to plants at a high rate, and that these traits are usually introduced many at a time as precisely designed stacks of genes with their own regulating sequences. These differences demand that plants developed by genetic modification are risk assessed. The possible risks are that transgenic phenotypes with altered fitness could change in abundance in the ecosystem, with unwanted effects on other species and on ecosystem integrity or that the ecosystems are affected indirectly by the transgenic plants. The risk analysis should provide information about the following: (1) the possibility of transfer of the transgene by spontaneous crosses between crop and weedy or wild relatives, (2) fitness of the genetically modified crop as well as fitness of the crop relatives that received the transgene by introgression and (3) other types of transgene provoked interactions between the recipient plant and the environment. As an example of a risk analysis data are presented from the model genus Brassica.

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Spontaneous Hybridization Between Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus) and Weedy B. campestris (Brassicaceae): A Risk of Growing Genetically Modified Oilseed Rape

Cited by 160 publications

References 11 publications

Male fitness of oilseed rape (Brassica napus), weedy B. rapa and their F1 hybrids when pollinating B. rapa seeds

Male fitness of oilseed rape (Brassica napus), weedy B. rapa and their F1 hybrids when pollinating B. rapa seeds

The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 137. Brassica napus L. and B. rapa L.

Ecological Risks of Growing Genetically Modified Crops.

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