Spontaneous blink rates of domestic dogs: a preliminary report

Nakajima, Sadahiko; Takamatsu, Yasuko; Fukuoka, Tomomi; Omori, Yasuko

doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2010.08.015

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The typical blinking rate of a dog has been estimated at 14.5 and 12.99 blinks/min. 23,24 Because normal blinking is essential for tear distribution, abnormally reduced blinking can lead to exposure keratitis. Although the blinking rate of dogs with ulcers was not recorded for most dogs in the present study, the blinking rate was approximately 0 or 1 blinks/min in 1 case dog with bilateral corneal perforation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of risk factors for development of corneal ulcer after nonocular surgery in dogs: 14 cases (2009–2011)

Park¹,

Son²,

Jeong³

et al. 2013

javma

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of risk factors for development of corneal ulcer after nonocular surgery in dogs: 14 cases (2009–2011)

Park¹,

Son²,

Jeong³

et al. 2013

javma

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“…Partial blinks have been observed in humans focused on computer terminal displays [21] and have been used as a diagnostic for dry eye disease [22]. Partials blinks have also been documented in both dogs [23] and cats [24]. Due to the large size and lateral placement of a horse’s eyes, identifying eyelid movements is easily observable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye Blink Rates and Eyelid Twitches as a Non-Invasive Measure of Stress in the Domestic Horse

Merkies

Ready

Farkas

et al. 2019

Animals

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Physiological changes provide indices of stress responses, however, behavioural measures may be easier to determine. Spontaneous eye blink rate has potential as a non-invasive indicator of stress. Eyelid movements, along with heart rate (HR) and behaviour, from 33 horses were evaluated over four treatments: 1) control—horse in its normal paddock environment; 2) feed restriction—feed was withheld at regular feeding time; 3) separation—horse was removed from visual contact with their paddock mates; and 4) startle test—a ball was suddenly thrown on the ground in front of the horse. HR data was collected every five s throughout each three min test. Eyelid movements and behaviours were retrospectively determined from video recordings. A generalized linear mixed model (GLIMMIX) procedure with Sidak’s multiple comparisons of least squares means demonstrated that both full blinks (16 ± 12b vs. 15 ± 15b vs. 13 ± 11b vs. 26 ± 20a full blinks/3 min ± SEM; a,b differ p < 0.006) and half blinks (34 ± 15ab vs. 27 ± 14bc vs. 25 ± 13c vs. 42 ± 22a half blinks/3 min ± SEM; a,b,c differ p < 0.0001) decreased during feed restriction, separation and the startle test compared to the control, respectively. Eyelid twitches occurred more frequently in feed restriction (p < 0.0001) along with an increased HR (p < 0.0001). This study demonstrates that spontaneous blink rate decreases while eyelid twitches increase when the horse experiences a stressful situation.

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“…In humans, partial blinks based on computer terminal screens have been observed and have been used as a diagnosis for dry eye disease. In both dogs and cats, partial blinks have also been recorded [1,2,8,10,17,19].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring of Stress in Police Horses

et al. 2021

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Every year, police horses undergo police training focused on passing difficult obstacles, during which their physical and mental abilities are tested. Using a method of eye movement monitoring, specifically eye blinking and eyelid twitching, we estimated if the training of horses was stressful. The results we found suggested that the training itself, per se does not affect the welfare of police horses; as it is not stressful for them because the gradual training allows the horses to adapt to different types of work or physical activity.

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Spontaneous blink rates of domestic dogs: a preliminary report

Cited by 11 publications

References 10 publications

Evaluation of risk factors for development of corneal ulcer after nonocular surgery in dogs: 14 cases (2009–2011)

Evaluation of risk factors for development of corneal ulcer after nonocular surgery in dogs: 14 cases (2009–2011)

Eye Blink Rates and Eyelid Twitches as a Non-Invasive Measure of Stress in the Domestic Horse

Monitoring of Stress in Police Horses

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