Spontaneous assembly of viruses on multilayered polymer surfaces

Yoo, Pil J.; Nam, Ki Tae; Qi, Jifa; Lee, Soo-Kwan; Park, Juhyun; Belcher, Angela M.; Hammond, Paula T.

doi:10.1038/nmat1596

Cited by 316 publications

(219 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…LC alignment can also occur in two dimensions (2Ds) via interfacial adsorption and confinement. Of particular interest is the self-organization of macromolecules with a high aspect ratio into LC assemblies at interfaces, which has been treated theoretically [4][5][6] but less frequently shown experimentally 7,8 . In contrast to the 3D case and under the assumption of thermodynamic equilibrium, the 2D IN transition can be of first 4 , second order 5 , or of the Kosterlitz-Thouless continuous type leading to quasi-long-range order [9][10][11] , depending on the interactions between particles 12 and their rigidity 10 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Non-equilibrium nature of two-dimensional isotropic and nematic coexistence in amyloid fibrils at liquid interfaces

et al. 2013

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Two-dimensional alignment of shape-anisotropic colloids is ubiquitous in nature, ranging from interfacial virus assembly to amyloid plaque formation. The principles governing two-dimensional self-assembly have therefore long been studied, both theoretically and experimentally, leading, however, to diverging fundamental interpretations on the nature of the two-dimensional isotropic-nematic phase transition. Here we employ single-molecule atomic force microscopy, cryogenic scanning electron microscopy and passive probe particle tracking to study the adsorption and liquid crystalline ordering of semiflexible b-lactoglobulin fibrils at liquid interfaces. Fibrillar rigidity changes on increasing interfacial density, with a maximum caused by alignment and a subsequent decrease stemming from crowding and domain bending. Coexistence of nematic and isotropic regions is resolved and quantified by a length scale-dependent order parameter S 2D (d). The nematic surface fraction increases with interfacial fibril density, but depends, for a fixed interfacial density, on the initial bulk concentration, ascribing the observed two-dimensional isotropic-nematic coexistence to non-equilibrium phenomena.

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confidence: 99%

Non-equilibrium nature of two-dimensional isotropic and nematic coexistence in amyloid fibrils at liquid interfaces

et al. 2013

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“…Furthermore, spontaneous nano-ring formation was readily observed when M13 remote and proximal tips were functionalized with hexahistidines (H 6 ) and divalent cations, respectively (17). Even without modification, intricate circular structures were assembled from M13 films on thin polymer multilayers (18).…”

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confidence: 99%

Single M13 bacteriophage tethering and stretching

Khalil

Ferrer

Brau

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The ability to present biomolecules on the highly organized structure of M13 filamentous bacteriophage is a unique advantage. Where previously this viral template was shown to direct the orientation and nucleation of nanocrystals and materials, here we apply it in the context of single-molecule (SM) biophysics. Genetically engineered constructs were used to display different reactive species at each of the filament ends and along the major capsid, and the resulting hetero-functional particles were shown to consistently tether microscopic beads in solution. With this system, we report the development of a SM assay based on M13 bacteriophage. We also report the quantitative characterization of the biopolymer's elasticity by using an optical trap with nanometerscale position resolution. Expanding the fluctuating rod limit of the wormlike chain to incorporate enthalpic polymer stretching yielded a model capable of accurately capturing the full range of extensions. Fits of the force-extension measurements gave a mean persistence length of Ϸ1,265 nm, lending SM support for a shorter filamentous bacteriophage persistence length than previously thought. Furthermore, a predicted stretching modulus roughly two times that of dsDNA, coupled with the system's linkage versatility and load-bearing capability, makes the M13 template an attractive candidate for use in tethered bead architectures.optical tweezers ͉ single molecule ͉ wormlike chain T he Ff class of filamentous bacteriophage, composed of the structurally akin species f1, fd, and M13, has elicited the interest of many wide-ranging scientific communities because of its selfassembling nature. Protected and transported within the highly organized, protein-based capsid is the structural and assembly information necessary for its own production. This structural feature provides a direct and accessible link between phenotype and genotype, which particularly in the case of M13 bacteriophage, has proven advantageous for numerous studies and applications. For instance, combinatorial libraries of polypeptides can be fused to M13 coat proteins, in a technique known as phage display, as a means of screening binding candidates against targets (1). Recently, targets have been extended beyond biologicals to a wide variety of inorganics, in efforts to discover biological systems capable of organizing and growing materials (2). In addition to serving as the vehicle for displaying these ligands, the unique structure of M13 itself has been exploited as a biological template for nanotechnology, such as in the directed synthesis of semiconducting/magnetic nanowires and lithium ion battery electrodes (3-5). Considering its utility as both a genetic blueprint and structural backbone for materials and device architecture, a better understanding of its mechanical behavior and a novel means of actively assembling M13 can greatly advance the design of future M13-based materials.M13 bacteriophage is a high-production rate virus composed of five different, modifiable proteins, the vast majority...

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“…In an ideal close packing scenario the pore diameter between cylinders with bacteriophage dimensions is 1.2 nm; thus, the polymer chains physically separate adjacent phage particles without leading to dissociation of the complex. Critically, our phage-polymer conjugates differ from those previously studied in that the assembly has a three-dimensional nature and is initiated by covalently attached organic functionalities in contrast to reported two-dimensional arrays initiated by phage selected to bind inorganic polyelectrolytes (2,3).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…We reasoned that similarly ordered organic polymers could be biomimetically prepared by using a templating approach. Filamentous bacteriophage M13 was chosen as a template given that such virions can form liquid crystals and ordered two-dimensional films (2,3). Structurally, bacteriophage M13 is a rigid helical rod Ϸ930 nm in length and 6.5 nm in diameter.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biologically templated organic polymers with nanoscale order

Willis¹,

Eubanks²,

Wood³

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Methods for the construction of ordered nanoscale arrays have been implicated in fields ranging from separation technologies to microelectronics. Yet, despite the plethora of nanoscale structures assembled in nature that use a templating strategy, chemists have been unable to replicate this success. A technology is reported for templated organic polymers composed of filamentous bacteriophage-polyacrylamide biomacromolecules that self-assemble into highly ordered helical bundles displaying hexagonal close packing. The results align with a previously reported mathematical prediction for the close packing of flexible tubes. This biopolymeric assembly can be viewed as a magnification of the inherent microscopic chirality and helicity present in individual phage particles at the macroscale level.bacteriophage ͉ nanopores ͉ polyacrylamide N ature synthesizes a large repertoire of highly ordered nanoscale structures from a limited subset of molecules. However, chemists have not matched this success even though a much larger set of reagents and reactions are available at their disposal. This is particularly evident for organic polymers where construction of materials with ordered nanopores remains elusive (1). In many instances, nature's main device to overcome the inherent entropic barrier for assembly is the use of a template to preorganize an array of chemicals that react to form biological polymers such as nucleic acids and proteins. Ultimately, nanoscale assemblies are formed from homologous or heterologous sets of these polymers. We reasoned that similarly ordered organic polymers could be biomimetically prepared by using a templating approach. Filamentous bacteriophage M13 was chosen as a template given that such virions can form liquid crystals and ordered two-dimensional films (2, 3). Structurally, bacteriophage M13 is a rigid helical rod Ϸ930 nm in length and 6.5 nm in diameter. The shaft of the rod consists of Ϸ2,700 copies of a single helical protein (pVIII) of 50 aa where one end contains five copies of a protein critical for binding to the bacterial cell host (pIII) and the other end contains five copies of two different proteins (pVII and pIX) consisting of 33 aa and 32 aa, respectively. All of these proteins can be used to express large numbers of antibodies and peptides on the phage surface (4). By using this strategy, we now report a technology for templated organic polymers composed of filamentous bacteriophage-polyacrylamide biomacromolecules that self-assemble into highly ordered helical bundles displaying classical hexagonal close packing with remarkable physical properties. Results and DiscussionAlthough protein-polymer bioconjugates are widespread in drug development, their use in the design of new materials is much less common. The traditional approach to the preparation of protein-polymer bioconjugates has been the coupling of two macromolecules postpolymerization. In such cases, the polymer is activated with amine-or thiol-reactive functional groups for reaction with such amino acids as lysine...

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Spontaneous assembly of viruses on multilayered polymer surfaces

Cited by 316 publications

References 39 publications

Non-equilibrium nature of two-dimensional isotropic and nematic coexistence in amyloid fibrils at liquid interfaces

Non-equilibrium nature of two-dimensional isotropic and nematic coexistence in amyloid fibrils at liquid interfaces

Single M13 bacteriophage tethering and stretching

Biologically templated organic polymers with nanoscale order

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