Spontaneous arousal activity in infants during NREM and REM sleep

McNamara, Frances; Lijowska, Anna S.; Thach, Bradley T.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2001.012507

Cited by 76 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In nREM-like states, if present, sighs were confined to the last seconds before the transition to REM-like state. These results are also in agreement with the greater number of sighs during REM compared with nREM sleep in humans (McNamara et al, 2002;Fukumizu and Kohyama, 2004;Qureshi et al, 2009).…”

Section: ϫ7supporting

confidence: 80%

“…It is also hypothesized that sighs are important in resetting respiratory and cardiovascular variability (Bartlett, 1971;Kahn et al, 1988;Franco et al, 2003;Baldwin et al, 2004). Importantly, statedependent changes in sigh rate that occur in natural sleep (Hoch et al, 1998;McNamara et al, 2002;Fukumizu and Kohyama, 2004;Qureshi et al, 2009) were similar to those described here under urethane anesthesia.…”

Section: State-dependent Modulation Of Respiratory Activitysupporting

confidence: 61%

“…In this study, we have shown that breathing patterns also fluctuate predictably with changes in forebrain state. Specifically, increases in breathing rate and its variability and in ventilation during REM-like states were similar to changes occurring in REM sleep in humans and rats (Aserinsky and Kleitman, 1953;Aserinsky, 1965;McNamara et al, 2002;Fukumizu and Kohyama, 2004;Qureshi et al, 2009;Fraigne and Orem, 2011).…”

Section: State-dependent Modulation Of Respiratory Activitymentioning

confidence: 75%

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State-Dependent Modulation of Breathing in Urethane-Anesthetized Rats

et al. 2012

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Respiratory activity is most fragile during sleep, in particular during paradoxical [or rapid eye movement (REM)] sleep and sleep state transitions. Rats are commonly used to study respiratory neuromodulation, but rodent sleep is characterized by a highly fragmented sleep pattern, thus making it very challenging to examine different sleep states and potential pharmacological manipulations within them. Sleep-like brain-state alternations occur in rats under urethane anesthesia and may be an effective and efficient model for sleep itself. The present study assessed state-dependent changes in breathing and respiratory muscle modulation under urethane anesthesia to determine their similarity to those occurring during natural sleep. Rats were anesthetized with urethane and respiratory airflow, as well as electromyographic activity in respiratory muscles were recorded in combination with local field potentials in neocortex and hippocampus to determine how breathing pattern and muscle activity are modulated with brain state. Measurements were made in normoxic, hypoxic, and hypercapnic conditions. Results were compared with recordings made from rats during natural sleep. Brain-state alternations under urethane anesthesia were closely correlated with changes in breathing rate and variability and with modulation of respiratory muscle tone. These changes closely mimicked those observed in natural sleep. Of great interest was that, during both REM and REM-like states, genioglossus muscle activity was strongly depressed and abdominal muscle activity showed potent expiratory modulation. We demonstrate that, in urethane-anesthetized rats, respiratory airflow and muscle activity are closely correlated with brain-state transitions and parallel those shown in natural sleep, providing a useful model to systematically study sleep-related changes in respiratory control.

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Section: ϫ7supporting

confidence: 80%

Section: State-dependent Modulation Of Respiratory Activitysupporting

confidence: 61%

Section: State-dependent Modulation Of Respiratory Activitymentioning

confidence: 75%

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State-Dependent Modulation of Breathing in Urethane-Anesthetized Rats

et al. 2012

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“…Although sighs have been described during sleep in infants [36] and in adults [28], their physiological significance is not well understood. Some data in infants suggest a role of sighs in restoration of lung mechanics [37] and in resetting the neuro-respiratory control system [36] or as a trigger of arousals during sleep [38]. Sighs in prepubertal children have not been investigated in detail.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Children at high altitude have less nocturnal periodic breathing than adults

Kohler¹,

Kriemler²,

Wilhelm³

et al. 2008

European Respiratory Journal

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Although children commonly travel to high altitudes, their respiratory adaptation to hypoxia remains elusive. Therefore, in the present study respiratory inductive plethysmography, pulse oximetry (Sp,O 2 ) and end-tidal CO 2 tension (PET,CO 2 ) were recorded in 20 pre-pubertal children (aged 9-12 yrs) and their fathers during 1 night in Zurich (490 m) and 2 nights at the Swiss Jungfrau-Joch research station (3,450 m) following ascent by train within ,3 h.In children, mean¡SD nocturnal Sp,O 2 fell from 98¡1% at 490 m to 85¡4 and 86¡4% at 3,450 m (nights 1 and 2, respectively); PET,CO 2 decreased significantly from 37¡6 to 32¡3 and 33¡4 mmHg (3,450 versus 490 m). In adults, changes in nocturnal Sp,O 2 and PET,CO 2 at 3,450 m were similar to those in children.Children spent less time in periodic breathing at 3,450 m during night 1 and 2 (8¡11 and 9¡13%, respectively) than adults (34¡24 and 22¡17%, respectively), and their apnoea threshold for CO 2 was lower compared with adults (27¡2 and 30¡2 mmHg, respectively, both nights). Sp,O 2 , PET,CO 2 and time in periodic breathing at altitude were not correlated between children and their fathers.In conclusion, children revealed a similarly reduced nocturnal O 2 saturation and associated hyperventilation at high altitude as adults but their breathing pattern was more stable, possibly related to a lower apnoea threshold for CO 2 .

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“…Normally, a significantly greater number of startles occur in REM than in QS. 21 Furthermore, it has been shown that repeated arousal stimuli leads to a more rapid inhibition of the arousal pathway in REM sleep than in QS. 22 The first evidence of habituation is a decrease in the number of startles that progress to full arousal.…”

Section: Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spontaneous Arousals in Supine Infants While Swaddled and Unswaddled During Rapid Eye Movement and Quiet Sleep

2002

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ABSTRACT. Objective. Supine sleep is recommended for infants to decrease the risk of sudden infant death syndrome, but many parents report that their infants seem uncomfortable supine. Many cultures swaddle infants for sleep in the supine position. Swaddled infants are said to "sleep better"; presumably they sleep longer or with fewer arousals. However, there have been no studies of the effect of swaddling on spontaneous arousals during sleep. Arousal is initiated in brainstem centers and manifests as a sequence of reflexes: from sighs to startles and then to thrashing movements. Such "brainstem arousals" may progress to full arousal, but most do not.Methods. Twenty-six healthy infants, aged 80 ؎ 7 days, were studied during normal nap times. Swaddled (cotton spandex swaddle) and unswaddled trials were alternated for each infant. Sleep state (rapid eye move- ment [REM] or quiet sleep [QS]) was determined by behavioral criteria (breathing pattern, eye movements) and electroencephalogram/electrooculogram (10 infants).Respitrace, submental and biceps electromyogram, and video recording were used to detect startles and sighs (augmented breaths). Full arousals were classified by eye opening and/or crying. Frequencies of sighs, startles, and full arousals per hour were calculated. Progression of events was calculated as percentages in each sleep state, as was duration of sleep state.Results. Swaddling decreased startles in QS and REM, full arousal in QS, and progression of startle to arousal in QS. It resulted in shorter arousal duration during REM sleep and more REM sleep.Conclusions. Swaddling has a significant inhibitory effect on progression of arousals from brainstem to full arousals involving the cortex in QS. Swaddling decreases spontaneous arousals in QS and increases the duration of REM sleep, perhaps by helping infants return to sleep spontaneously, which may limit parental intervention. For these reasons, a safe form of swaddling that allows hip flexion/abduction and chest wall excursion may help parents keep their infants in the supine sleep position and thereby prevent the sudden infant death syndrome risks associated with the prone sleep position. Pediatrics 2002;110(6). URL: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/ full/110/6/e70; sudden infant death syndrome, sighs, startles.ABBREVIATIONS. SIDS, sudden infant death syndrome; REM, rapid eye movement; QS, quiet sleep; EMG, electromyogram; EEG, electroencephalogram; EOG, electrooculogram. S upine sleeping decreases the risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). 1 However, some parents place their infants in the prone sleep position despite these recommendations. [2][3][4] Many of these parents state that their infants seem more comfortable when prone and sleep better. 4 Studies confirm that the prone position decreases frequency of arousals. [5][6][7][8][9] Swaddled infants placed on their backs are said to "sleep better," presumably meaning that they sleep longer or with fewer arousals. Parents commonly report that infants who are back sleepers "startle ...

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Spontaneous arousal activity in infants during NREM and REM sleep

Cited by 76 publications

References 36 publications

State-Dependent Modulation of Breathing in Urethane-Anesthetized Rats

State-Dependent Modulation of Breathing in Urethane-Anesthetized Rats

Children at high altitude have less nocturnal periodic breathing than adults

Spontaneous Arousals in Supine Infants While Swaddled and Unswaddled During Rapid Eye Movement and Quiet Sleep

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