“…Synthesized via the decarboxylation of tyrosine, TA has long been known to be a precursor for the synthesis of octopamine (OA); however, the past decade has seen growing evidence that TA has physiological roles independent of OA (Lange, 2009;Roeder, 2005). These include effects on olfactory behavior (Kutsukake et al, 2000), locomotion and flight (Brembs et al, 2007;Saraswati et al, 2004;Vierk et al, 2009), neuromuscular transmission (Kutsukake et al, 2000;Nagaya et al, 2002), sleep (Crocker and Sehgal, 2008), appetite (Nisimura et al, 2005), behavioral responses to cocaine and ethanol (Hardie et al, 2007;McClung and Hirsh, 1999;Scholz, 2005) and muscular contractions (da Silva and Lange, 2008;Donini and Lange, 2004;Huddart and Oldfield, 1982). Receptors have been cloned from Drosophila and other insect species that are either specific for TA and not OA (Cazzamali et al, 2005) or preferentially activated by TA over OA (Arakawa et al, 1990;Blenau et al, 2000;Molaei et al, 2005;Ohta et al, 2003;Saudou et al, 1990;Vanden Broeck et al, 1995).…”