SPME-Based C_a-History Method for Measuring SVOC Diffusion Coefficients in Clothing Material

Abstract

Clothes play an important role in dermal exposure to indoor semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). The diffusion coefficient of SVOCs in clothing material (D) is essential for estimating SVOC sorption by clothing material and subsequent dermal exposure to SVOCs. However, few studies have reported the measured D for clothing materials. In this paper, we present the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) based C-history method. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first try to measure D with known relative standard deviation (RSD). A thin sealed chamber is formed by a circular ring and two pieces of flat SVOC source materials that are tightly covered by the targeted clothing materials. D is obtained by applying an SVOC mass transfer model in the chamber to the history of gas-phase SVOC concentrations (C) in the chamber measured by SPME. D's of three SVOCs, di-iso-butyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), in a cotton T-shirt can be obtained within 16 days, with RSD less than 3%. This study should prove useful for measuring SVOC D in various sink materials. Further studies are expected to facilitate application of this method and investigate the effects of temperature, relative humidity, and clothing material on D.

Predicting Dermal Exposure to Gas-Phase Semivolatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs): A Further Study of SVOC Mass Transfer between Clothing and Skin Surface Lipids

“…This is because no SVOCs (or at least, negligible SVOCs) in the chamber air have penetrated through the clothing during the chamber exposure period (i.e., 6 h). According to existing studies, the time required for SVOCs to penetrate through clothes is approximately 0.2L cl 2 /D cl , that is, 14 h for DEP and 198 h for DnBP, both significantly longer than 6 h. 36 For exposed clothes, the exposure dose of the clothed body parts contributed to over 95% of the total exposure (i.e., (DE cont + DE gap )/DE total > 95%). Furthermore, direct contact between clothing and the skin surface may be the primary pathway for SVOCs from clothing to the dermal layer, that is, direct contact contributes 62% and 87% of the total exposure (DE cont /DE total ) for DEP and DnBP, respectively.…”

“…22 Table 1 lists the parameters used in the calculations, including the parameters within the clothing, the air gap, and the skin layers, as well as L ag and f for each body part. Values of D and K in the skin layers (SSL, SC, and VE) and D ag are identical to those used by Morrison et al 22 36 ). Mert et al 27 measured the distributions of L ag and f for different body parts for various body postures; the L ag and f values listed in Table 1 are values appropriate for the scenario where a manikin sits at a desk wearing a regular T-shirt, and regular trousers.…”

“…Values of D and K in the skin layers (SSL, SC, and VE) and D ag are identical to those used by Morrison et al K cl for DEP and DnBP are the measured results obtained by Morrison et al for cotton clothing. D cl of DnBP was measured by Cao et al; given that there is no available data for D cl of DEP, it was estimated by D cl,DEP = K cl,DnBP / K cl,DEP · D cl,DnBP (based on the correlation D cl ∼ 1/ K cl , which has been proved by Cao et al). Mert et al measured the distributions of L ag and f for different body parts for various body postures; the L ag and f values listed in Table are values appropriate for the scenario where a manikin sits at a desk wearing a regular T-shirt, and regular trousers.…”

“… a Obtained from Morrison et al b K cl of DEP and DnBP are obtained from Morrison et al; D cl of DnBP was measured by Cao et al; given that there is no available data for D cl of DEP, it is obtained by D cl,DEP = K cl,DnBP / K cl,DEP · D cl,DnBP c Total area of the participant’s skin is 2.06 m 2 , , SA p of each body part is the product of the total area and the ratio of the corresponding body part area to the total body area measured by Yu et al d Mert et al measured the distributions of L ag and f of different body parts for various body postures; the L ag and f values listed here are subject to the scenario that the manikin sat at a desk and wore a regular T-shirt and regular trousers.…”

Role of Clothing in Skin Exposure to Di(n-butyl) Phthalate and Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) Phosphate: Experimental Observations via Skin Wipes

“…In contrast to the contaminated-clothing scenarios, mechanism 2 dominates the effects of skin-to-clothing indirect contact. This is because the amount of SVOC being transported through the SVOC-free clothing is extremely small (approximately zero) during the experiments (3 h), and the diffusivity of pollutants in clothing is several orders of magnitude lower than that in air. , Compared to a decrease in an already small amount (due to mechanism 1), an additional amount of the small amount (due to mechanism 2) appears to be significant. Note that there is no significant difference between scenarios 4 and 5 for either DnBP or TCPP according to the paired t test.…”