Spleen Size Is Significantly Influenced by Body Height and Sex: Establishment of Normal Values for Spleen Size at US with a Cohort of 1200 Healthy Individuals

Chow, Kai Uwe; Luxembourg, Beate; Seifried, Erhard; Bönig, Halvard

doi:10.1148/radiol.2015150887

Cited by 136 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 24 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The trophic effects of androgens on the spleen is further corroborated by data showing that castration of male rats results in a decrease in splenic size, which is partially reversed by administration of testosterone (Korenchevsky et al ., ). In healthy humans, the spleen volume in men is higher than in age‐matched women even after correction for body weight (Chow et al ., ). In addition to liver and spleen, androgens also stimulate renal size in animals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…These results are consistent with previous animal studies showing trophic effect of androgens on parenchymal organs (Korenchevsky & Hall, ; Hickson et al ., ; Ferrandez et al ., ; Friedel et al ., ; Vieira et al ., ; Shortliffe et al ., ; Chen et al ., ). These findings are also consistent with epidemiologic studies showing men having larger parenchymal organs after adjustment for age and body size compared to women (Chouker et al ., ; Chow et al ., ; Roseman et al ., ). Since DXA takes into account the mass of the parenchymal organs when assessing lean body mass, the aforementioned effects should be taken into account when evaluating changes in lean body mass observed by DXA in response to androgen therapy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Data from population studies complement these animal data. Among healthy adults, men have larger splenic, hepatic and total renal volume compared to age‐matched women (Chouker et al ., ; Chow et al ., ; Roseman et al ., ). This effect of sex on hepatic and splenic volume persists even after adjustment for body size (Chouker et al ., ; Chow et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Effects of testosterone administration (and its 5‐alpha‐reduction) on parenchymal organ volumes in healthy young men: findings from a dose‐response trial

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Context Animal data shows that testosterone administration increases the volume of some parenchymal organs. However, the effects of exogenous testosterone on solid abdominal organs in humans remain unknown. Objective To evaluate the effects of testosterone administration on the volume of liver, spleen and kidneys in a dose-response trial. Participants Young healthy men aged 18 to 50 years participating in the 5α-Reductase (5aR) Trial. Interventions All participants received monthly injections of 7.5 mg leuprolide acetate to suppress endogenous testosterone secretion and weekly injections of 50, 125, 300 or 600 mg of testosterone enanthate, and were randomized to receive either 2.5 mg dutasteride (5 α-reductase inhibitor) or placebo daily for 20 weeks. Liver, spleen and kidney volumes were measured at baseline and the end of treatment using 1.5-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging. Outcomes The dose-effect of testosterone on changes in the volume of parenchymal organs was evaluated by linear regression model. The association between changes in total testosterone (TT) levels and changes in organ volumes were assessed. Results Testosterone administration increased liver volume dose-dependently (17.4 cm3 per 100 mg of weekly testosterone enanthate; p=0.031); the increase in liver volume was positively associated with changes in TT levels (R2=0.08, p=0.024). A dose-dependent, but non-significant, increase in kidney volumes was also seen. Inclusion of dutasteride use into the models showed an independent association of randomization to dutasteride group with liver volume increase. Conclusion Testosterone administration increased the liver volume in a dose-dependent manner. The potential changes in parenchymal organs should be considered when interpreting apparent changes in lean mass in response to anabolic interventions.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Effects of testosterone administration (and its 5‐alpha‐reduction) on parenchymal organ volumes in healthy young men: findings from a dose‐response trial

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Patients were determined to have cirrhosis either by histology, when available, (Ishak fibrosis score ≥5) or by imaging consistent with cirrhosis (ie nodular liver) with one or more signs of portal hypertension (ie thrombocytopenia (platelet count < 150 × 10 9 /L), collaterals, splenomegaly, varices, or mild ascites) . Splenomegaly was defined based on cut‐offs established based on age and height . Exclusion criteria included: inadequate LSMs, lack of imaging in HDV patients without liver biopsy, moderate to severe ascites, any evidence of other acute or chronic liver diseases which includes, but is not limited to: alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), acute viral hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…19,36 Splenomegaly was defined based on cut-offs established based on age and height. 37 Exclusion criteria included: inadequate LSMs, lack of imaging in HDV patients without liver biopsy, moderate to severe ascites, any evidence of other acute or chronic liver diseases which includes, but is not limited to: alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), acute viral hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis.…”

Section: Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vibration‐controlled transient elastography for the detection of cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis D infection

Surana

Takyar

et al. 2019

Journal of Viral Hepatitis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Noninvasive detection of cirrhosis via vibration‐controlled transient elastography (VCTE) has revolutionized the management of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, VCTE has not been studied in chronic hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection and accuracy remains in question due to the significant hepatic inflammation associated with this infection. Consecutive HBV, HCV and HDV patients who underwent VCTE (2006‐2019) were evaluated. Diagnosis of cirrhosis was made via liver biopsy or clinical findings. VCTE was compared with other noninvasive serum fibrosis tests using AUROC curves. The performance of VCTE in HBV/HCV/HDV was also compared. We evaluated 319 patients (HBV‐112; HCV‐132; HDV‐75), 278(87%) patients had histology for evaluation. HDV patients had evidence of higher hepatic inflammation as evidence by aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and histology activity index. Cirrhotic HDV patients had higher mean liver stiffness measurements compared with noncirrhotic patients (29.0 vs 8.3 kPa, P < .0001). VCTE demonstrated excellent diagnostic accuracy for the detection of cirrhosis with an AUROC of 0.90 compared with APRI (0.83), FIB‐4 (0.88), AAR (0.73) and RPR (0.85). Performance of VCTE in HDV was comparable with HBV (0.93) and HCV (0.94). At the optimized cut‐off value of ≥14.0 kPa for determining cirrhosis in HDV, VCTE had a sensitivity of 0.78, specificity of 0.86, NPV of 0.93 and PPV of 0.64. Hence, VCTE is a useful noninvasive test in HDV for determining cirrhosis despite the presence of significant hepatic inflammation.

show abstract

Larger spleens and greater splenic contraction during exercise may be an adaptive characteristic of Nepali Sherpa at high‐altitude

Brutsaert,

Harman,

Bigham

et al. 2024

American J Hum Biol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ObjectivesThe Sherpa ethnic group living at altitude in Nepal may have experienced natural selection in response to chronic hypoxia. We have previously shown that Sherpa in Kathmandu (1400 m) possess larger spleens and a greater apnea‐induced splenic contraction compared to lowland Nepalis. This may be significant for exercise capacity at altitude as the human spleen responds to stress‐induced catecholamine secretion by an immediate contraction, which results in transiently elevated hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]).MethodsTo investigate splenic contraction in response to exercise at high‐altitude (4300 m; Pb = ~450 Torr), we recruited 63 acclimatized Sherpa (29F) and 14 Nepali non‐Sherpa (7F). Spleen volume was measured before and after maximal exercise on a cycle ergometer by ultrasonography, along with [Hb] and oxygen saturation (SpO2).ResultsResting spleen volume was larger in the Sherpa compared with Nepali non‐Sherpa (237 ± 62 vs. 165 ± 34 mL, p < .001), as was the exercise‐induced splenic contraction (Δspleen volume, 91 ± 40 vs. 38 ± 32 mL, p < .001). From rest to exercise, [Hb] increased (1.2 to 1.4 g.dl−1), SpO2 decreased (~9%) and calculated arterial oxygen content (CaO2) remained stable, but there were no significant differences between groups. In Sherpa, both resting spleen volume and the Δspleen volume were modest positive predictors of the change (Δ) in [Hb] and CaO2 with exercise (p‐values from .026 to .037 and R2 values from 0.059 to 0.067 for the predictor variable).ConclusionsLarger spleens and greater splenic contraction may be an adaptive characteristic of Nepali Sherpa to increase CaO2 during exercise at altitude, but the direct link between spleen size/function and hypoxia tolerance remains unclear.

show abstract

Spleen Size Is Significantly Influenced by Body Height and Sex: Establishment of Normal Values for Spleen Size at US with a Cohort of 1200 Healthy Individuals

Abstract: The authors define height- and sex-corrected normal values for spleen length and volume for women with a body height of 155-179 cm and men with a body height of 165-199 cm and propose validated algorithms to gauge the percentile of an individual's spleen size.

Cited by 136 publications

References 24 publications

Effects of testosterone administration (and its 5‐alpha‐reduction) on parenchymal organ volumes in healthy young men: findings from a dose‐response trial

Effects of testosterone administration (and its 5‐alpha‐reduction) on parenchymal organ volumes in healthy young men: findings from a dose‐response trial

Vibration‐controlled transient elastography for the detection of cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis D infection

Larger spleens and greater splenic contraction during exercise may be an adaptive characteristic of Nepali Sherpa at high‐altitude

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About