Spirulina does not decrease muscle damage nor oxdidative stress in cycling athletes with adequate nutritional status

Franca, Gisele Augusta Maciel; Silva, Alexandre; Costa, Maria J.; Moura, JA; Nóbrega, Thereza Karolina Sarmento da; Gonçalves, Mariana C.; Asciutti, Luiza Sonia Rios

doi:10.5604/20831862.927489

Cited by 14 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…demonstrated positive changes in plasma concentrations of MDA, SOD, LDH, and GPx after Spirulina supplementation for three weeks in untrained individuals and a single exercise session. On the other hand, Franca et al 19 . did not show any improvements in muscle damage biomarkers (in well trained cyclists).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Spirulina platensis prevents oxidative stress and inflammation promoted by strength training in rats: dose-response relation study

Brito

Silva

Oliveira³

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Spirulina Platensis supplementation on selected blood markers of oxidative stress, muscle damage, inflammation, and performance in trained rats. Rats (250 g-300 g) were submitted to a strength training program (eight weeks), divided into four groups: control (GT) (trained without supplementation), trained with daily-supplementation of 50 mg/ kg (GT50), 150 mg/kg (GT150) and 500 mg/kg (GT500). Training consisted of a jump protocol in PVCcylinder containing water, with increasing load over experimental weeks. We evaluated the markers of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde-MDA and antioxidant capacity) and inflammation (C-reactive protein) at the end of the training. Among groups submitted to strength training, concentration of C-reactive protein decreased after 8 weeks of intervention in the trained group and GT500. Strength training enhanced plasma MDA concentration of malondialdehyde with supplementation of S. platensis in GT150 and GT500. In plasma analysis, strength training enhanced the percentage of oxidation inhibition, with spirulina supplementation in rates of 150 and 500 mg/kg. Spirulina supplementation for 8 weeks (in a dose-effect manner) improved antioxidant capacity as well as attenuated exercise-induced increases in ROS and inflammation. As a practical application, the use as high doses did not cause a reduction in positive physiological adaptations to exercise training. Additional studies are necessary to test the application of Spirulina Platensis in other contexts, as collective sports (basketball, football, soccer). Spirulina platensis is a microalga with biological activity as antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory and nowadays is used to produce nutritional supplements 1-3. S. platensis is composed of protein (55%-70%) 4 , carbohydrates (15%-20%) 5 , lipids (approximately 7%) 5 , fiber, ash, and water including various minerals, vitamins, γ-linolenic acid, chlorophyll, carotenoids, and phycocyanin 2,6. Recently, some researchers have reported that the latter played a crucial role in the antioxidative action of S. platensis 2 .

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…To date, only aerobic exercises were used to analyze S. platensis supplementation on markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, muscle damage, and performance 19,20 . Previous studies could not answer whether the ergogenic effect of S. platensis is replicable in strength exercises.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spirulina platensis prevents oxidative stress and inflammation promoted by strength training in rats: dose-response relation study

Brito

Silva

Oliveira³

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…Initial investigations using SP have predominantly been within a clinical health remit, such as improving blood morphological parameters and immune function (Kelkar et al 2008 ; Milasius et al 2009 ; Selmi et al 2011 ). However recently, there has been more focus on SP’s antioxidant potential when comparing exercise-induced oxidative stress markers (Lu et al 2006 ; Kalafati et al 2010 ; Kalpana et al 2017 ; Hernández-Lepe et al 2018 ; Franca 2010 ), with the consensus attributing the constituents of SP to the activation of cellular antioxidant enzymes, inhibition of lipid peroxidation and free radicals, whilst also increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase (Wu et al 2016 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, the handful of studies that have directly investigated the ergogenic aid capabilities of SP have only examined lower body modality exercise (Franca et al 2010 ; Hernández-Lepe et al 2018 ; Kalafati et al 2010 ; Kalpana et al 2017 ; Lu et al 2006 ). Upper body sports, such as kayaking, canoeing, and wheelchair events, also require athletes to exert themselves with regular submaximal and high-intensity interval exercise bouts during training and competition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spirulina supplementation improves oxygen uptake in arm cycling exercise

Gurney

Spendiff

2020

Eur J Appl Physiol

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Purpose Spirulina has previously been reported to improve high-intensity exercise performance and hemoglobin. However, spirulina’s effect on arm cycling exercise has yet to be investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the responses of spirulina supplementation on hemoglobin and on oxygen uptake, RER and HR during seated arm cycling exercise. Methods In a double-blinded randomized crossover design, eleven males untrained in arm cycling ingested 6 g/day of spirulina or placebo for seven days. Seated on the Arm Crank Ergometer, each participant performed a baseline V̇O2max test, and then after supplementation, 2 × 30-min submaximal exercise bouts corresponding to 55% of their V̇O2max, followed by an incremental test to fatigue. A seven-day wash-out period was required between conditions. Oxygen uptake, RER and HR were measured continuously during exercise and hemoglobin measured prior to exercise after both conditions. Results Spirulina significantly (p < 0.05) increased Hb in comparison to Placebo (144.1 g/l ± 10.5 Vs 154.5 g/l ± 6.9). After spirulina supplementation, during the 30-min exercise bouts, oxygen uptake and HR were significantly lower (2170 ml/min ± 173 Vs 2311 ml/min ± 189 and 154 bpm ± 14 Vs 149 bpm ± 17), RER was not significantly different. In comparison to placebo, Spirulina significantly increased oxygen uptake at time of fatigue (34.10 ml/min/kg ± 6.03 Vs 37.37 ml/min/kg ± 5.98). Time taken to fatigue was not different. Conclusion Spirulina supplementation significantly reduces oxygen uptake and HR during arm cycling submaximal exercise, allowing for an increased oxygen uptake during an incremental test to fatigue.

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“…Subjects with various health conditions were involved in included studies. Two studies involved hypertensive patients, 22,23 one study recruited patients with allergic rhinitis, 24 one study enrolled diabetic patients 25 and the other studies investigated the effect of spirulina supplementation on healthy subjects 10,26‐31 . Furthermore, location of studies execution were as follows: four in Korea, 10,25,29,31 one in California, 24 one in Mexico, 23 one in Poland, 22 one in Greece, 30 one in Iran, 28 one in Brazil, 26 and one in Taiwan 27 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spirulina supplementation and oxidative stress and pro‐inflammatory biomarkers: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of controlled clinical trials

Mohiti

Zarezadeh

Naeini

et al. 2021

Clin Exp Pharma Physio

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Studies investigating the effects of spirulina on inflammation and oxidative stress status are controversial. Therefore, the current systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to evaluate the impacts of spirulina supplementation on oxidative stress indicators and inflammatory markers. PubMed‐Medline, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Embase databases and Google Scholar were searched up to 1 October 2020. Random‐effect analysis was applied to perform meta‐analysis. Subgroup analyses and multivariate meta‐regression were performed to find heterogeneity sources. Quality assessment was conducted using Cochrane Collaboration’s tool. A total of 11 studies that enrolled 465 subjects were included in our meta‐analysis. Pooled results demonstrated a significant increase in interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) concentrations [Standardized mean difference (SMD = 2.69 pg/mL; 95% CI: 0.26, 5.11; P = .03)]; however this result changed to insignificant (SMD = 0.54 pg/mL; 95% CI: −1.29, 2.27; P > .05) when sensitivity analysis performed. A marginal decreasing effect were also found on interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) (SMD = −0.72 mg/dL; 95% CI: −1.50, 0.07; P = .073) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels (SMD = −0.65; 95% CI: −1.37, 0.08; P = .08). In addition, results of subgroup analysis revealed a significant reduction in IL‐6 and TBARS concentrations when the baseline body mass index (BMI) of participants was lower than 25 kg/m2. Moreover, spirulina had no significant effect on tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) (SMD = −0.07 mg/dL; 95% CI: −0.33, 0.18; P = .56) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations (SMD = −0.42; 95% CI: −0.98, 0.14; P = .14). Spirulina consumption contributed to a significant increase in IL‐2 concentrations changing to insignificant after sensitivity analysis and marginal decreasing effects on IL‐6 and TBARS levels. No considerable impacts were observed on TNF‐α and MDA concentrations.

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Spirulina does not decrease muscle damage nor oxdidative stress in cycling athletes with adequate nutritional status

Cited by 14 publications

References 12 publications

Spirulina platensis prevents oxidative stress and inflammation promoted by strength training in rats: dose-response relation study

Spirulina platensis prevents oxidative stress and inflammation promoted by strength training in rats: dose-response relation study

Spirulina supplementation improves oxygen uptake in arm cycling exercise

Spirulina supplementation and oxidative stress and pro‐inflammatory biomarkers: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of controlled clinical trials

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