Spiroplasma citri gen. and sp. n.: A Mycoplasma-Like Organism Associated with "Stubborn" Disease of Citrus

Saglio, Pierre H.; L'Hospital, Martine; Laflèche, D.; Dupont, Gaston; Bové, J.M.; Jg, Tully; Freundt, E. A.

doi:10.1099/00207713-23-3-191

Cited by 321 publications

(160 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Although members of the genus Spiroplasma are usually commensal organisms in their arthropod hosts, several are pathogenic for insects and plants (11, 12,24,29,30).…”

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confidence: 99%

Spiroplasma ixodetis sp. nov., a New Species from Ixodes pacificus Ticks Collected in Oregon

Tully

Rose

Yunker

et al. 1995

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology

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Eight strains of mollicutes were isolated from pooled suspensions prepared from western black-legged ticks (Ixodes puciJicus) collected in Oregon. Morphologic examination by electron and dark-field microscopic techniques showed that each strain consisted of a mixture of motile, tightly coiled helical cells, small coccoid cells with diameters ranging from 300 to 500 nm, and pleomorphic, straight or branched filamentous forms. All cellular forms were surrounded by a single cytoplasmic membrane, and there was no evidence of a cell wall. The organisms were filterable and fastidious in their growth requirements. The optimum temperature for growth was 30°C, but multiplication occurred at temperatures ranging from 23 to 32°C. The strains catabolized glucose but did not hydrolyze arginine or urea. The genome size of strain Y32T (T = type strain) was 2,220 kbp, and the DNA base composition (guanine-plus-cytosine content) of this organism was 25 k 1 mol%. The eight isolates were serologically related to each other but were not related to 37 other type or representative strains belonging to the genus Spiroplasmu. Strain Y32 (= ATCC 33835) is the type strain of Spiroplasma ixodetis sp. nov.Spiroplasmas (class Mollicutes) are helical, motile, wall-less prokaryotes that are associated with a variety of insects, other arthropods, and some plant hosts (11,38,51). Although members of the genus Spiroplasma are usually commensal organisms in their arthropod hosts, several are pathogenic for insects and plants (11, 12,24,29,30).The occurrence of spiroplasmas in hematophagous arthropods was first demonstrated in 1976 when two serologically distinct helical mollicutes (represented by strains SMCA and 277F) were identified in rabbit ticks (Haemaphysalis leporispalustris) (4,41). Strain SMCA and two related strains were eventually characterized as Spiroplasma mirum (39). Strain 277F is serologically and genomically related to Spiroplasma citri and was assigned to subgroup 1-4 in an interim classification scheme for spiroplasmas (21,36,44). Subsequently, spiroplasmas have been identified in blood-sucking members of the Diptera, including horseflies (Tabanus spp.), deerflies (Chrysops spp.), and mosquitoes (Adedes spp., Culex spp., etc.). The current status of these organisms has been summarized in several recent reviews or reports (1, 10, 15, 18, 19,38,45).We described additional isolations of tick-associated spiroplasmas in 1981 (37), including primary isolation of seven helical mollicutes from triturates of the western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus. While these organisms were isolated directly in SP-4 spiroplasma culture medium (43), a later report showed that most of the same isolates could be cultivated from stored triturates in several continuously maintained cultured tick cell lines (53). An extensive serologic comparison of the strains isolated from I. pacificus showed that these organisms are closely related to each other but distinct from other previously described spiroplasmas. Strain Y32T (T = type strain) was selected ...

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“…Although members of the genus Spiroplasma are usually commensal organisms in their arthropod hosts, several are pathogenic for insects and plants (11, 12,24,29,30).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spiroplasma ixodetis sp. nov., a New Species from Ixodes pacificus Ticks Collected in Oregon

Tully

Rose

Yunker

et al. 1995

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology

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“…Three spiroplasma species, Spiroplasma citri (Saglio et al, 1973), Spiroplasma kunkelii (Whitcomb et al, 1986) and Spiroplasma phoeniceum (Saillard et al, 1987), have been associated with plant diseases. S. citri is the aetiological agent of the citrus stubborn and horseradish brittle root diseases and was the first plant mollicute to be cultured in vitro (Fletcher et al, 1981;Saglio et al, 1971).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing the replication and stability regions of Spiroplasma citri plasmids identifies a novel replication protein and expands the genetic toolbox for plant-pathogenic spiroplasmas

et al. 2008

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Spiroplasma citri strain GII3 contains seven plasmids, pSciA and pSci1-6, that share extensive regions of sequence homology and display a mosaic gene organization. Plasmid pSci2 comprises 12 coding sequences (CDS), three of which encode polypeptides homologous to proteins Soj/ ParA, involved in chromosome partitioning, and TrsE and Mob/TraG, implicated in the type IV secretion pathway. One CDS encodes the adhesin-like protein ScARP3d whereas the other eight encode polypeptides with no homology to known proteins. The pSci2 CDS pE and soj have counterparts in all seven plasmids. Through successive deletions, various pSci2 derivatives were constructed and assessed for their ability to replicate by transformation of S. citri 44, a strain which has no plasmid. The smallest functional replicon was found to contain a single CDS (pE) and its flanking intergenic regions. Shuttle (S. citri/Escherichia coli) plasmids, in which CDS pE was disrupted, failed to replicate in S. citri, suggesting that PE is the replication protein of the S. citri plasmids. Successive propagations of pSci2-derived transformed spiroplasmas, in the absence of selection pressure, revealed that only pSci2 derivatives having an intact soj gene were stably maintained, indicating that the soj-encoded polypeptide is most likely involved in plasmid partitioning. Upon transformation, pSci2 derivatives, including shuttle (S. citri/E. coli) plasmids, were shown to replicate in all S. citri strains tested regardless of whether the strain possesses endogenous plasmids, such as strain GII3, or not, such as strain R8A2. In addition, the pSci replicons were introduced efficiently into the plant-pathogenic spiroplasmas Spiroplasma kunkelii and Spiroplasma phoeniceum, the transformation of which had never, to our knowledge, been described before. These studies show that, besides their implications for the biology of S. citri, the pSci plasmids hold considerable promise as vectors of general use for genetic studies of plantpathogenic spiroplasmas. As an example, a HA-tagged S. citri protein was expressed in S. kunkelii. Detection of pE-hybridizing sequences in various group I spiroplasma species indicated that pE replicating plasmids were not restricted to the three plant-pathogenic spiroplasmas. INTRODUCTIONSpiroplasmas are a group of helical, cell-wall-free bacteria belonging to the class Mollicutes. Three spiroplasma species, Spiroplasma citri (Saglio et al., 1973), Spiroplasma kunkelii (Whitcomb et al., 1986) and Spiroplasma phoeniceum (Saillard et al., 1987), have been associated with plant diseases. S. citri is the aetiological agent of the citrus stubborn and horseradish brittle root diseases and was the first plant mollicute to be cultured in vitro (Fletcher et al., 1981;Saglio et al., 1971). Since then, S. citri has been studied extensively (Bové et al., 1989(Bové et al., , 2003. The availability of both an experimental transmission assay via the leafhopper vector (Foissac et al., 1996) and gene transfer systems (Foissac et al., 1997;Renaudin, 2002;Renaudi...

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“…citrus stubborn disease and corn stunt disease). Since the first spiroplasma was cultivated in 1973 (Saglio et al, 1973), more than 1000 spiroplasma isolates have been obtained (Hackett, 1990;Hackett & Clark, 1989;French et al, 1990). Of these isolates, several have been shown to be pathogens to their insect hosts, whereas others are commensals (Hackett & Clark, 1989;Clark, 1982;Clark et al, 1984).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spiroplasma atrichopogonis sp. nov., from a ceratopogonid biting midge

Koerber

Gasparich

Frana

et al. 2005

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

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Spiroplasma sp. strain GNAT3597T was isolated from the biting midge genus Atrichopogon (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). It was serologically distinct from other Spiroplasma species, groups or subgroups. Dark-field microscopy of the cells revealed the classical helical shape and subsequent transmission electron microscopy revealed cells surrounded by only a cell membrane (i.e. lacking a cell wall). Growth of strain GNAT3597T occurred in M1D medium at 30 °C. Strain GNAT3597T catabolized both glucose and arginine, but did not hydrolyse urea. The DNA G+C content of strain GNAT3597T was 29±1 mol%. Only one strain, SMCAT (Spiroplasma mirum), is serologically related to strain GNAT3597T, although the relationship is weak (positive reaction to only a 1 : 80 dilution). It is therefore proposed that strain GNAT3597T (=ATCC BAA-520T=NBRC 100390T) represents a novel species, Spiroplasma atrichopogonis sp. nov. (class Mollicutes: order Entomoplasmatales: family Spiroplasmataceae).

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Spiroplasma citri gen. and sp. n.: A Mycoplasma-Like Organism Associated with "Stubborn" Disease of Citrus

Cited by 321 publications

References 37 publications

Spiroplasma ixodetis sp. nov., a New Species from Ixodes pacificus Ticks Collected in Oregon

Spiroplasma ixodetis sp. nov., a New Species from Ixodes pacificus Ticks Collected in Oregon

Characterizing the replication and stability regions of Spiroplasma citri plasmids identifies a novel replication protein and expands the genetic toolbox for plant-pathogenic spiroplasmas

Spiroplasma atrichopogonis sp. nov., from a ceratopogonid biting midge

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