Spirochete from the Rabbit Tick,<i>Haemaphysalis leporispalustris</i>(Packard) I. Isolation and Preliminary Characterization

Pickens, Edgar G.; Gerloff, Robert K.; Burgdorfer, Willy

doi:10.1128/jb.95.2.291-299.1968

Cited by 34 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Some of the spiroplasmas are agents that had been grown previously on a variety of substrates but were misidentified as to their microbial nature. The 277F spiroplasma (subgroup 1-4) from rabbit ticks (18) was first grown in 1968 on an artificial medium and described as a spirochete (130). Two other isolates from rabbit ticks (SMCA and GT-48 of group V) were first grown in the chick embryo and described as a virus (27) and as a mycoplasma (190) before they were recognized as spiroplasmas (173,174).…”

Section: Spiroplasma Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wall-Less Prokaryotes of Plants

Bové¹

1984

Annu. Rev. Phytopathol.

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The first mention of an association between wall-less prokaryotes and plants was published by Doi et al (53) in Japanese in 1967 in a work entitled, "Mycoplasma or PLT:group-like microorganisms found in the phloem ele ments of plants infected with mulberry dwarf, potato witches' broom, aster yellows, or paulownia witches' broom."J Similar microorganisms had been seen at about the same time in rice infected with yellow dwarf disease (121). When plants containing the newly discovered microorganisms were given tetracycline treatments, symptom remission occurred as long as the antibiotic application lasted, and the observed microorganisms disappeared temporarily from the phloem of these plants (76,121). Penicillin treatments had no effect. These results have been amply confirmed (108, 153). Because mycoplasmas were known to be sensitive to tetracycline but not penicillin, whereas the PLT agents were affected by both of these antibiotics (7, 75; see also 50), the microorganisms found by the Japanese workers were considered mycoplasma like and not chlamydiae-like and have been called mycoplasma-like organisms (MLOs).2 Similar MLOs have since been found to be associated with more than 100 diseases in plants (103).Mycoplasmas and permanent (irreversible) L-variants (161) of bacteria have 'PLT refers to psittacosis-lymphogranuloma-trachoma; the agents of these diseases are the Chlamydiae, a group of obligate intracellular parasites with a Gram-negative type of cell envelope.2The trivial lenn mycoplasma in the phrase MLO is used as a synonym for mollicute and does not imply the genus Mycoplasma. The name mollicute was first proposed in 1967 (59).

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Section: Spiroplasma Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wall-Less Prokaryotes of Plants

Bové¹

1984

Annu. Rev. Phytopathol.

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“…Another early member of the genus Spiroplasma was the previously described microorganism that causes a sex-ratio abnormality in Drosophila; it was originally thought to be a spirochaete but was later identified as a spiroplasma and named S. poulsonii (22)(23)(24). Spiroplasmas were also isolated from ticks (25)(26)(27)(28)(29). One of the tick isolates, S. mirum, is referred to as the suckling mouse cataract agent due to its ability to establish experimental infections and disease in suckling mice (27,28,(30)(31)(32).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spiroplasmas: evolutionary relationships and biodiversity

Laura¹

2006

Front Biosci

130

104

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Spiroplasmas are wall-less descendants of Gram-positive bacteria that maintain some of the smallest genomes known for self-replicating organisms. These helical, motile prokaryotes exploit numerous habitats, but are most often found in association with insects. Co-evolution with their insect hosts may account for the highly speciose nature of the genus Spiroplasma, with many spiroplasmas existing in obligate insect/plant transmission cycles. In addition to insect and plant hosts, spiroplasmas are found in association with ticks and crustaceans. Although most spiroplasma associations appear to be commensal, some cases of pathogenicity or mutualism have been described. Most notably, spiroplasmas have been identified as the causative agents of agricultural and aquacultural diseases and the sex ratio disorder in insects. Some spiroplasmas exhibit strict host and/or geographical ranges, but others are relative generalists. Species of the genus Spiroplasma have been traditionally classified into 34 groups based on cross-reactivity of surface antigens. Three of the serogroups contain closely related strain complexes that are further divided into subgroups. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on 16S rDNA sequence strongly support the closely related serogroups. To date, less than 40 Spiroplasma species have been fully characterized and given binomial names. Complete characterization of a new species involves numerous phenotypic and genotypic tests as outlined in the minimal standards document; this document is currently under revision to include phylogenetic data and a reevaluated set of required phenotypic and genotypic tests. The area of spiroplasma research is poised for major advances with new criteria for naming species in preparation, a dramatic increase in available molecular characters, the promise of full genome sequences, and advances in genetic tools for manipulation of these organisms.

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“…The term spiroplasma for helical mycoplasmas was proposed to describe these organisms (9). Helical forms were recognized earlier, but could not be cultured and were thought to be spirochetes (24,25). Spiroplasmas have been isolated with increasing frequency from both diseased and apparently healthy plants and insects.…”

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Cultivation and partial characterization of spiroplasmas in cell cultures

Steiner¹,

McGarrity²,

Phillips³

1982

Infect Immun

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Spiroplasmas were propagated in the Drosophila melanogaster cell line Dm-1. Spiroplasma citri and unidentified strains (corn stunt organism, 277F [tick isolate], powder puff, BNR-1, honey bee, and OBMG) grew to 108 to 109 colonyforming units per ml and could be passaged. Cytopathic effect (CPE) varied with the infecting spiroplasma. The honey bee isolate killed Dm-1 within 2 to 4 days and produced CPE in four mammalian cells tested. At 25°C, suckling mouse cataract agent produced no CPE in Dm-1 cells. Dm-1 cells did not support growth of the spiroplasmal sex ratio organism. Spiroplasmas could be detected in the cell cultures by agar inoculation, dark-field microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and DNA fluorescent staining. The uridine phosphorylase test showed

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Spirochete from the Rabbit Tick,Haemaphysalis leporispalustris(Packard) I. Isolation and Preliminary Characterization

Cited by 34 publications

References 9 publications

Wall-Less Prokaryotes of Plants

Wall-Less Prokaryotes of Plants

Spiroplasmas: evolutionary relationships and biodiversity

Cultivation and partial characterization of spiroplasmas in cell cultures

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