Spirochetal infections

Cadavid, Diego

doi:10.1016/s0072-9752(09)96012-2

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 328 publications

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“…Others in the field have also reported apoptosis of various eukaryotic cells upon exposure to borrelia spirochetes (40)(41)(42)(43)(44). Because infection with various species of RF spirochetes can result in cerebrovascular disease in humans (3)(4)(5)(6) and experimental animals (6,7,45,46) and the major virulence factor of borrelia spirochetes, the outer membrane lipoproteins (47), is capable of causing eukaryotic cell apoptosis (41), we hypothesized that bacterial lipoproteins from B. turicatae can cause brain endothelial cell apoptosis, similar to what has been reported for oxidized human lipoproteins (48)(49)(50)(51). We investigated this possibility in mice with relapsing-remitting infection and in vitro.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another example is functional and structural injury to the blood-brain barrier in several bacterial infections (2). Cerebral vascular injury is a prominent complication of several systemic spirochetal infections including relapsing fever (RF) borreliosis (3)(4)(5)(6), syphilis (7), and leptospirosis (8). The mechanism of vascular injury during bacteremia is poorly understood.…”

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confidence: 99%

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IL-10 Prevents Apoptosis of Brain Endothelium during Bacteremia

Londoño

Carvajal

Strle

et al. 2011

The Journal of Immunology

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IL‐10 deficient mice infected with the relapsing fever bacterium Borrelia turicatae rapidly succumb to brain hemorrhage if they are unable to clear peak bacteremia. Here we investigated the protective role of IL‐10 during relapsing‐remitting bacterial infection and explored the molecular events involved in protection of brain endothelium by IL‐10. The results showed that severe endothelial cell injury leading to hemorrhage in the brain and other organs occurred in IL‐10 deficient mice during relapsing‐remitting infection. Human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) upon exposure to whole bacteria or purified bacterial lipoprotein are rapidly killed by apoptosis and produced abundant pro‐inflammatory mediators but did not produce any IL‐10. HBMEC apoptosis during exposure to low number of bacteria was associated with down regulation of TNF and TNFAIP3 and upregulation of BAX. In contrast, exposure to high concentrations of purified outer membrane lipoprotein was associated with dramatic upregulation of FAS, FAS ligand, and the adaptor molecules RIPK1 and CFLAR. Exogenous IL‐10 reversed all the apoptotic signaling changes induced by whole bacteria or purified lipoprotein. The results indicate that IL‐10 prevent brain endothelial cell injury and point to a prominent role for bacterial lipoprotein mediated activation of different apoptosis pathways in this process.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

IL-10 Prevents Apoptosis of Brain Endothelium during Bacteremia

Londoño

Carvajal

Strle

et al. 2011

The Journal of Immunology

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“…Our knowledge of the proteins important for brain infection by borrelia spirochetes remains rather limited [35]–[37] compared to many other pathogenic bacteria [38]. Several spirochetal proteins that bind to eukaryotic cells and/or tissues have been identified, including members of the Vsp and Vlp family from RF spirochetes [13], [27], and Osp [39], [40], Dbp [41], and VlsE [40] from Lyme disease spirochetes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction of Variable Bacterial Outer Membrane Lipoproteins with Brain Endothelium

et al. 2010

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BackgroundPreviously we reported that the variable outer membrane lipoprotein Vsp1 from the relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia turicatae disseminates from blood to brain better than the closely related Vsp2 [1]. Here we studied the interaction between Vsp1 and Vsp2 with brain endothelium in more detail.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe compared Vsp1 to Vsp2 using human brain microvascular endothelial cell (HBMEC) association assays with aminoacid radiolabeled Vsp-expressing clones of recombinant Borrelia burgdorferi and lanthanide-labeled purified lipidated Vsp1 (LVsp1) and Vsp2 (LVsp2) and inoculations of the lanthanide-labeled proteins into mice. The results showed that heterologous expression of LVsp1 or LVsp2 in B. burgdorferi increased its association with HBMEC to a similar degree. Purified lanthanide-labeled lipidated Vsp1 (LVsp1) and LVsp2 by themselves were capable of associating with HBMEC. The association of LVsp1 with brain endothelium was time-dependent, saturable, and required the lipidation. The association of Vsp1 with HBMEC was inhibited by incubation at lower temperature or with excess unlabeled LVsp1 or LVsp2 but not with excess rVsp1 or mouse albumin or an anti Vsp1 monoclonal antibody. The association of LVsp2 with HBMEC and its movement from blood to brain parenchyma significantly increased in the presence of LVsp1.Conclusions/SignificanceVariable bacterial outer membrane lipoproteins interact with brain endothelium differently; the lipidation and variable features at the protein dome region are key modulators of this interaction.

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“…Lower titers from these tests are indicative of lower disease activity, usually because of treatment (usually indicated with a fourfold decrease in titer). The RPR and VDRL perform similarly, with sensitivity of 70% for primary, 99% for secondary, and > 90% for tertiary syphilis [30].…”

Section: Diagnostic Testsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Usually about 90% of false-positive reactions have a titer of < 1:8. Chronic false-positive reactions that persist for more than 6 months are often associated with autoimmune disorders and chronic inflammation [30,31].…”

Section: Diagnostic Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexually Transmitted Infections in Pregnant Women: Integrating Screening and Treatment into Prenatal Care

Lochner

Maraqa

2018

Pediatr Drugs

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Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis continue to be significant burdens to the health of pregnant women and their children despite easy and effective guidance for screening and treatment. Specific guidelines exist for screening for these infections as well as treatment and follow-up. In this article, we review the epidemiology of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. Testing methodology is also reviewed as molecular-based techniques have replaced culture as the current gold standard tests of choice for chlamydia and gonorrhea. The nontreponemal and treponemal serologic diagnostic and screening approach to syphilis has undergone less change. Treatment for gonorrhea includes a one-time dose of parenteral ceftriaxone and oral azithromycin. This treatment regimen not only addresses the possible gonococcal resistance seen in recent years but also treats chlamydia, which may present similarly or co-infect the same patient. Syphilis treatment in both pregnant women and their infected neonates remains with penicillin G formulations. It is crucial to establish close follow-up evaluation for the pregnant woman infected with these sexually transmitted infections to ensure adequate treatment and help prevent perinatal spread of the infection.

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Spirochetal infections

Cited by 9 publications

References 328 publications

IL-10 Prevents Apoptosis of Brain Endothelium during Bacteremia

IL-10 Prevents Apoptosis of Brain Endothelium during Bacteremia

Interaction of Variable Bacterial Outer Membrane Lipoproteins with Brain Endothelium

Sexually Transmitted Infections in Pregnant Women: Integrating Screening and Treatment into Prenatal Care

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