Spiralyde A, an Antikinetoplastid Dolabellane from the Brown Alga Dictyota spiralis

Abstract

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the antikinetoplastid extract of the brown alga Dictyota spiralis has led to the isolation of spiralyde A (1), a new dolabellane aldehyde, along with other five known related diterpenes (2–6). Their structures were determined by HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, and comparison with data reported in the literature. The antiparasitic activity of all compounds was evaluated. Spiralyde A (1) and the known compound 3,4-epoxy-7,18-dolabelladiene (2) were the most active compounds against Leishmania amazonensis and Trypanosoma cruzi. Spiralyde A (1) was the most potent compound, comparable to benznidazole, the reference drug for trypanocidal activity.

In Vitro Activity of Statins against Naegleria fowleri

“…The activity of the tested statins against the trophozoite stage of Naegleria fowleri was determined in vitro using a modified colorimetric assay based on the oxido-reduction of alamarBlue ® reagent (Life Technologies, Barcelona, Spain), as previously described [38,39].…”

“…First, the macrophages were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium without phenol red (Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). After that, the cells were seeded (50 µL) in a 96-well plate (10 5 cells/mL) and serial dilutions (diluted in medium) of the statins were added (50 µL) to reach a final volume of 100 μL/well, as previously described [38,39]. A negative control was used, consisting of cells, and was incubated with the medium alone.…”

Potentials of marine natural products against malaria, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis parasites: a review of recent articles

“…3 b) Antarctic deep-sea octocoral—Cnidaria Plumarella delicatissima Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) [ 30 ] L. donovani amastigotes (1.9–12 μmol/L) Keikipukalides (2–5), pukalide aldehyde (6), and norditerpenoid ineleganolide (7) L. amazonensis promastigotes (15.47 ± 0.26 and 36.81 ± 5.20 μmol/L) and T. cruzi epimastigotes ( 5.62 ± 2.48 and 35.29 ± 4.09 μmol/L) J774.A1 (23.4 ± 5.62 μmol/L and 69.98 ± 0.14 μmol/L) Spiralyde A (1) and 3,4-epoxy-7,18-dolabelladiene (2) (Fig. 3 c) Diterpene Off the coast (1.5 m) brown alga Dictyota spiralis Tunisia [ 31 ] L. amazonensis and T. cruzi (> 100.00 μmol/L) NT Compounds 3–6 P. falciparum strain Dd2 trophozoites (3.51, 2.11 and 0.8 µmol/L) NT Smenotronic acid (1), ilimaquinone (2), and pelorol (3) (Fig. 3 d) Sesquiterpenoids Near shore sponge Hyrtios erectus Chuuk Island, Federated States of Micronesia [ 32 ] L. infantum promastigotes and amastigotes (44.9 ± 4.3 and 94.4 ± 10.1 µmol/L) Murine macrophages (126.6 ± 21.1 and 84.5 ± 12.5 μmol/L) (3R)- and 1(3S)-tetraprenyltoluquinol (1a/1b) and (3R)- and (3S)-tetraprenyl Toluquinone (2a/2b) (Fig.…”

“…3 c) exhibited moderate inhibitory activity against L. amazonensis (IC 50 = 15.47 ± 0.26 and 36.81 ± 5.20 μmol/L) and T. cruzi (5.62 ± 2.48 and 35.29 ± 4.09 μmol/L), and cytotoxic activity against J774.A1 cells (23.4 ± 5.62 μmol/L and 69.98 ± 0.14 μmol/L) . The spiralyde A ( 1 ) is the most potent antitrypanocidal dolabellane akin to benznidazole, the reference drug [ 31 ].…”

“…The spiralyde A (1) is the most potent antitrypanocidal dolabellane akin to benznidazole, the reference drug [31].…”