Spinochrome Identification and Quantification in Pacific Sea Urchin Shells, Coelomic Fluid and Eggs Using HPLC-DAD-MS

Abstract

The high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled with diode array and mass spectrometric detector (HPLC-DAD-MS) method for quinonoid pigment identification and quantification in sea urchin samples was developed and validated. The composition and quantitative ratio of the quinonoid pigments of the shells of 16 species of sea urchins, collected in the temperate (Sea of Japan) and tropical (South-China Sea) climatic zones of the Pacific Ocean over several years, were studied. The compositions of the quinonoid pigments of sea urchins Maretia planulata, Scaphechinus griseus, Laganum decagonale and Phyllacanthus imperialis were studied for the first time. A study of the composition of the quinonoid pigments of the coelomic fluid of ten species of sea urchins was conducted. The composition of quinonoid pigments of Echinarachnius parma jelly-like egg membrane, of Scaphechinus mirabilis developing embryos and pluteus, was reported for the first time. In the case of Scaphechinus mirabilis, we have shown that the compositions of pigment granules of the shell epidermis, coelomic fluid, egg membrane, developing embryos and pluteus are different, which should enable a fuller understanding of the functions of pigments at different stages of life.

Multi-target bioactivity of summer quinones production in the Persian Gulf burrowing black-type sea urchin

“…This antioxidant activity of pigments can be mainly linked to the bioactive compounds in the sea urchin PHNQ-metabolites. As reported by Vasileva et al. (2021) and Hou et al.…”

“…The metal (e.g., Fe 3+ ) chelating properties, hydrophobicity, and free ortho-hydroxyl groups, and ketol structure of echinochrome pigments would harm microbial growth, some intracellular effects, and its potent antioxidant ability to scavenge oxidative/nitrosative radicals ( Coates et al., 2018 ). According to the current results, it seems that some species-specific characteristics and differences in compositions of the sea urchins quinonoid pigments have been effective in antimicrobial activity ( Vasileva et al., 2021 ). The seasonal change in algal/detritus diets and/or a variety of drift items based on the growth rates in urchins could be affected their microbial pigments.…”

“…Although, the comparative amounts were diverse which is not expected given that Psammechinus miliaris ( Powell et al., 2014 ). Previously, Vasileva et al. (2021) have described Echinochrome A as the predominant quinonoid pigments in the shells and spines from the following sea urchins: Maretia planulata (94%), Diadema setosum (92%), Echinocardium cordatum (up to 88%)), D. savignyi (83%), Stomopneustes variolaris (81%), and Toxopneustes pileolus (80%); as well as Spinochrome A, Spinochrome E, binaphthoquinone 11, spinochromes C, and Spinochrome D were present as the main compounds in Phyllacanthus imperialis (77%), and T. gratilla (67%), Echinarachnius parma (up to 52%), Laganum decagonale (up to 45%), and E. parma (up to 14%), respectively.…”

“…Alternatively, separate studies have demonstrated a correlation between sulphate group derivatives of spinochromes and changes in the bioactivities of marine natural products ( Ortega et al., 2017 ; Zhang et al., 2011 ). Based on the varied seasonal allocation of energy and nutrients, ecological roles, and the life support of each sea urchin species, it is expected that these urchin secondary metabolites may differ substantially ( Vasileva et al., 2021 ). The diets of sea urchin consist intensive an even mixture of macroalgal ( Vadas, 1990 ) (e.g., the genus of Ulva (Chlorophyta ( Padina , Cystoseira , Sargassum , and Laminaria (Phaeophyta ( Acanthophora, Palmaria and Gracilaria (Rhodophyta ( Westbrook et al., 2015 ; Vadas Sr et al., 2000 ; Hay et al., 1986 ).…”

Quinoid Pigments of Sea Urchins Scaphechinus mirabilis and Strongylocentrotus intermedius: Biological Activity and Potential Applications

“…The authors of the article characterized the quinoid pigment compounds isolated from the sea urchins S. intermedius and S. mirabilis of the Sea of Japan [ 36 ].…”