Spinocerebellar ataxias: phenotypic spectrum of polyQ versus non-repeat expansion forms

Abstract

Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) are most frequently due to (CAG)n (coding for polyglutamine, polyQ) expansions and, less so, to expansion of other oligonucleotide repeats (non-polyQ) or other type of variants (non-repeat expansion SCA). In this study we compared polyQ and non-repeat expansion SCA, in a cohort of patients with hereditary ataxia followed at a tertiary hospital. From a prospective study, 88 patients (51 families) with SCA were selected, 74 (40 families) of whom genetically diagnosed. Thirty-eight patients (51.4%, 19 families) were confirmed as having a polyQ (no other repeat-expansions were identified) and 36 (48.6%, 21 families) a non-repeat expansion SCA. Median age-at-onset was 39.5 [30.0-45.5] for polyQ and 7.0 years [1.00-21.50] for non-repeat expansion SCA. PolyQ SCA were associated with cerebellar onset, and non-repeat expansion forms with non-cerebellar onset. Time to diagnosis was longer for non-repeat expansion SCA. The most common polyQ SCA were Machado-Joseph disease (MJD/SCA3) (73.7%) and SCA2 (15.8%); whereas in non-repeat expansion SCA ATX-CACNA1A (14.3%), ATP1A3-related ataxia, ATX-ITPR1, ATX/HSP-KCNA2, and ATX-PRKCG (9.5% each) predominated. Disease duration (up to inclusion) was significantly higher in non-repeat expansion SCA, but the difference in SARA score was not statistically significant. Cerebellar peduncles and pons atrophy were more common in polyQ ataxias, as was axonal neuropathy. SCA had a wide range of genetic etiology, age-at-onset and presentation. Proportion of polyQ and non-repeat expansion SCA was similar; the latter had a higher genetic heterogeneity. While polyQ ataxias were typically linked to cerebellar onset in adulthood, non-repeat expansion forms associated with early onset and non-cerebellar presentations.