Spinocerebellar ataxia 3 and machado‐joseph disease: Clinical, molecular, and neuropathological features

Abstract

Patients with spinocerebellar ataxia 3 (SCA3) and Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) carry an expanded CAG repeat in the MJD1 gene. One hundred twenty families of different geographic origin with autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA) type I were tested. Thirty-four families (126 patients) carried an expanded CAG repeat. The expanded and the normal allele did not overlap and the repeat was unstable during transmission, with variation in the size of the CAG length ranging from -8 to +5 and a mean expansion of 0.86 repeats without differences according to the parental sex. There was a combined effect of the number of CAG repeats of the expanded and normal allele on the age at onset, which accounted for 70% of its variability. The length of the CAG repeat influenced the frequency of clinical signs associated with cerebellar ataxia, such as abnormal tendon reflexes or decreased vibration sense, whereas the interindividual variation of supranuclear ophthalmoplegia, sphincter and swallowing difficulties, and amyotrophy was mostly determined by different disease durations. We compared the clinical profile of 91 SCA3/MJD patients with 51 SCA1 and 32 SCA2 patients. There were striking differences between the SCA3/MJD and SCA2 but not with SCA1 groups of patients. Despite their clinical similarities, distinct neuropathological features were observed in 2 SCA3/MJD and 2 SCA1 patients.

Occupational therapy in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3: an open-label trial

“…The disease is related to neuronal loss and neuronal intranuclear inclusions, detected mainly in the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum, the nucleus dorsalis of Clarke in the spinal cord, cranial motor nerve nuclei, pontine nuclei, substantia nigra, and the lenticular fasciculus of the globus pallidus (8)(9)(10)(11). Clinical manifestations usually start with cerebellar ataxia affecting gait, limb movements, speech articulation, and deglutition.…”

Genomic structure, promoter activity, and developmental expression of the mouse homologue of the Machado–Joseph disease (MJD) gene☆

“…Pathologically, MJD is characterized by neuronal loss in the spinocerebellar, dentate, pontine, and vestibular nuclei, the substantia nigra, the locus coeruleus, the palidoluysian complex, the motor cranial nerve and medulla anterior horn nuclei, and the dorsal root ganglia [2][3][4].…”

Machado-Joseph Disease / Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3

“…The neuropathology involves cerebellar systems (particularly dentate nucleus and pontine neurons), substantia nigra, and cranial nerve motor nuclei, with relative preservation of cerebellar cortex, particularly Purkinje cells and inferior olive Durr et al, 1996;Yamada et al, 2008). However in some cases, loss of granule and Purkinje cells was found in the cerebellum, mainly in the vermis (Munoz et al, 2002).…”