Spinning the “Ferrous Wheel”: The importance of the microbial community in an iron budget during the FeCycle experiment

Abstract

[1] Several studies have shown the importance of the microbial community in specific aspects of the biogeochemical iron (Fe) cycle such as uptake or regeneration. During FeCycle, a 10-day study of Fe biogeochemistry within an unperturbed mesoscale in situ SF 6 labeled patch of HNLC waters, we investigated the role of both microzooplankton (herbivores and bacterivores) and viruses in regenerating Fe in the upper ocean. In summer 2003 we measured grazer-mediated Fe regeneration rates. The proportion of bacterial Fe released via grazing was severalfold greater than that mobilized from phytoplankton during herbivory. However, as the algal Fe pool (mainly Synechococcus) was severalfold larger than the bacterial pool, the absolute Fe regeneration rates were similar for both herbivores (17 pmol Fe L À1 d À1 ) and bacterivores (20 pmol Fe L À1 d À1 ). In all grazing experiments we observed that 90% (bacterivory) and 25% (herbivory) of the labeled Fe resided in the dissolved fraction after 24 hours. This trend has previously been reported in similar laboratory culture studies, which invoked the formation of dissolved, and/or colloidal metal ligands, associated with digestion, to make the released Fe less bioavailable. This explanation may not be valid for our study as another FeCycle experiment (Maldonado et al., 2005) demonstrated that resident phytoplankton could obtain Fe bound to a wide range of strong-binding ligands. In situ estimates of virally mediated Fe regeneration during FeCycle ranged from 0.4 to 28 pmol L À1 d À1 . It is not known why such a wide range of virally mediated regeneration rates was observed. Such variability prevented a direct comparison on the relative roles of grazers and viruses in Fe recycling. The rates of grazer-mediated regeneration accounted for 30% to >100% of the bacterial and phytoplankton Fe demand measured during FeCycle, indicating the key role of the microbial food web in Fe recycling.

Southern Ocean phytoplankton physiology in a changing climate

“…The recycling of Fe (and iron-binding ligands) is rapid (hours to days) and occurs through grazing, phytoplankton lysis, bacterial and viral infections (Barbeau et al, 1996;Poorvin et al, 2004;Strzepek et al, 2005), as well as active excretion and transformation of organic compounds (e.g., Trick and Wilhelm, 1995;Ogawa et al, 2001;Hassler et al, 2011b). In the remote SO where external sources of Fe are limited, Fe recycling is efficient, providing 20-100% of the Fe required to sustain phytoplankton growth (Hutchins et al, 1993;Poorvin et al, 2004;Strzepek et al, 2005;Sarthou et al, 2005).…”

“…In the remote SO where external sources of Fe are limited, Fe recycling is efficient, providing 20-100% of the Fe required to sustain phytoplankton growth (Hutchins et al, 1993;Poorvin et al, 2004;Strzepek et al, 2005;Sarthou et al, 2005). Remineralisation of particulate Fe at depth mediated by heterotrophic bacteria can also release Fe and ligands , thus potentially affecting Fe bioavailability to primary producers.…”

Saccharides enhance iron bioavailability to Southern Ocean phytoplankton

“…S1), the mechanism(s) controlling iron bioavailability to oceanic biota remain poorly understood. Iron bioavailability is influenced by photochemistry (3), chemical speciation (4,5), biological cycling (6), and uptake strategies (7)(8)(9). As a result, different microorganisms, each with its own specific iron requirement, iron uptake system(s), and biological adaptability (7,10,11), will have access to different pools of bioavailable iron under conditions of identical iron chemistry.…”

“…Storage saccharides are metabolism dependent, responsive to iron supply (30), and released by both cell lysis and grazing-two iron-recycling pathways (6). Indeed, saccharides can influence trace metal chemistry and cycling (31), two parameters that define bioavailability (Fig.…”

Saharan dust nutrients promote Vibrio bloom formation in marine surface waters

“…Fe can be a limiting micronutrient in marine primary and secondary production (13,14). As an essential cofactor in many metabolic processes-including aerobic respiration, photosynthesis, and nitrogen fixation-its availability can be a determinant in the cycling of carbon (C) and biologically important macronutrients, like nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) (13,15,16).…”