Spinal injuries after ejection seat evacuation in fighter aircraft of the German Armed Forces between 1975 and 2021

Abstract

OBJECTIVE The ejection seat is one of the most important rescue tools for military aircrews. However, the high ejection speeds place high loads on the pilots, which is mainly absorbed by the pilot’s spine. The differentiated evaluation of spinal injuries is of particular importance because this has a decisive influence on the further personal life and career of the affected aircrew members. Factors influencing the occurrence of a fracture as well as the impact of a spinal injury on military flight certification have not been addressed sufficiently to date. METHODS The authors conducted a retrospective evaluation of ejection seat evacuations in German Armed Forces combat aircraft accidents between 1975 and 2021. The total number of aviation accidents with ejection seat initiations and the survived ejections were collected. Accident-specific data and pilot-specific data were collected. In addition, it was evaluated whether aircrew members were recertified for military flight after the accident. The type of spinal injury and the location of the injury were evaluated. In addition to the descriptive statistics, two logistic regression models were developed to assess prediction values of accident- and pilot-specific factors for spine injuries. RESULTS A total of 103 aircrew members were included in this retrospective analysis. The overall prevalence of spine injuries was 56.3%, and the overall prevalence of spine fractures was 33.0%. In the first regression model analysis, there was no association with pilot flight experience, age, height, weight, BMI, and being diagnosed with a spine fracture. Similarly, aircraft type, altitude, and airspeed were not associated with the occurrence of spine fractures. In the regression model analysis for predictors of rejection in military flight recertification after ejection seat evacuation, lumbar spine fractures were associated with higher odds of being rejected for recertification. CONCLUSIONS Military aircraft crew members have a high risk of suffering from a spine injury after emergency evacuation using an ejection seat. In the subsequent medical workup, special attention should be paid to the spine, and ideally a consultation with a spine surgeon should be performed. Lumbar spine fractures may have major consequences for military flight certification, and therefore special attention should be paid to successful rehabilitation.

Return to flight duty rates after posterior lumbar spine surgery for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation and lumbar isthmic spondylolisthesis in Chinese military pilots

“…Vertebral fractures occur frequently with forces greater than 20 + Gz, but with poor positioning, forces as low as 10 + Gz have caused fractures [7]. Sommer et al [14] found that military aircrew had a high risk of spinal injuries (56.3%) after emergency evacuation using an ejection seat, including spinal fracture, soft tissue injury, and disc herniation.…”

“…It has been reported that a ghter pilot ejected from C-101 eight months after a C6-7 fusion surgery and the screws in the vertebral soma broke [20]. While fractures or other injuries in the lumbar region are much less likely to result in permanent neurological impairment, they are the most likely to result in the inability to return to duty on a military aircraft after the accident [14]. Thus, in cases of lumbar fusion, it is imperative that successful complete fusion be established before return to ight is considered, especially in high performance aircraft operations.…”