Spinal cord atrophy after spinal cord injury – A systematic review and meta-analysis

Trolle, Carl; Goldberg, Estee; Linnman, Clas

doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103372

Cited by 5 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…S100 calcium binding protein β (S100β) is a calcium-binding protein that is mainly found in astrocytes and Schwann cells and is involved in calcium homeostasis, cell proliferation, and differentiation [ 46 ]. In animal models, the S100β protein level was found to be rapidly increased in serum and cerebrospinal fluid at 6 h after injury and to continue to increase until 4 h after injury, after which its concentration in serum returned to normal levels, suggesting the promise of S100β as a diagnostic tool for injury [ 47 ]. However, there is some controversy regarding the serum S100β concentration as a biomarker indicator of injury severity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Steroid inhibited Serpina3n expression which was positively correlated with the degrees of spinal cord injury

Chen,

Wu,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Heliyon

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Steroid inhibited Serpina3n expression which was positively correlated with the degrees of spinal cord injury

Chen,

Wu,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Heliyon

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“…When SCI occurs in childhood, it may cause severe physiological and psychological consequences [3,4]. A series of pathophysiological processes are started at the site of damage immediately after trauma, including the destruction of neurons and oligodendrocytes, disruption of the axonal network, hemorrhage, and growth factor dysregulation [1,[5][6][7]. The primary injury initiates a cascade of secondary pathological processes that spread above and below the site of injury and also affect the brain [1,2,[6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous studies have confirmed that rapid and progressive spinal cord atrophy will occur after SCI, which may be the cumulative result of multiple pathophysiological processes following SCI [5,6]. At present, the morphological changes of the cervical spinal cord have become an important indicator for judging spinal cord atrophy and functional status [5,[9][10][11][12]. Crosssectional cervical spinal cord area (cSC CSA) is a common MRI measurement used to assess spinal cord atrophy after SCI.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The relationship between the structural changes in the cervical spinal cord and sensorimotor function of children with thoracolumbar spinal cord injury (TLSCI)

Qi,

Wang,

Yang

et al. 2024

Spinal Cord

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Study design Cross-sectional study. Objectives To study the relationship between the structural changes in the cervical spinal cord (C2/3 level) and the sensorimotor function of children with traumatic thoracolumbar spinal cord injury (TLSCI) and to discover objective imaging biomarkers to evaluate its functional status. Setting Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, China. Methods 30 children (age range 5–13 years) with TLSCI and 11 typically developing (TD) children (age range 6–12 years) were recruited in this study. Based on whether there is preserved motor function below the neurological level of injury (NLI), the children with TLSCI are divided into the AIS A/B group (motor complete) and the AIS C/D group (motor incomplete). A Siemens Verio 3.0 T MR scanner was used to acquire 3D high-resolution anatomic scans covering the head and upper cervical spinal cord. Morphologic parameters of the spinal cord at the C2/3 level, including cross-sectional area (CSA), anterior-posterior width (APW), and left-right width (LRW) were obtained using the spinal cord toolbox (SCT; https://www.nitrc.org/projects/sct). Correlation analyses were performed to compare the morphologic spinal cord parameters and clinical scores determined by the International Standard for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injuries (ISNCSCI) examination. Results CSA and LRW in the AIS A/B group were significantly lower than those in the TD group and the AIS C/D group. LRW was the most sensitive imaging biomarker to differentiate the AIS A/B group from the AIS C/D group. Both CSA and APW were positively correlated with ISNCSCI sensory scores. Conclusions Quantitative measurement of the morphologic spinal cord parameters of the cervical spinal cord can be used as an objective imaging biomarker to evaluate the neurological function of children with TLSCI. Cervical spinal cord atrophy in children after TLSCI was correlated with clinical grading; CSA and APW can reflect sensory function. Meanwhile, LRW has the potential to be an objective imaging biomarker for evaluating motor function preservation.

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“…Spinal cord (SC) cross-sectional area (CSA) is a relevant biomarker to assess SC atrophy in diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) 1 , 2 and spinal cord injury 3 – 5 . Early neurodegeneration in MS requires high accuracy in detecting subtle atrophy for monitoring purposes 6 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pontomedullary junction as a reference for spinal cord cross-sectional area: validation across neck positions

Bédard,

Bouthillier,

Cohen-Adad

2023

Sci Rep

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Spinal cord cross-sectional area (CSA) is an important MRI biomarker to assess spinal cord atrophy in various neurodegenerative and traumatic spinal cord diseases. However, the conventional method of computing CSA based on vertebral levels is inherently flawed, as the prediction of spinal levels from vertebral levels lacks reliability, leading to considerable variability in CSA measurements. Computing CSA from an intrinsic neuroanatomical reference, the pontomedullary junction (PMJ), has been proposed in previous work to overcome limitations associated with using a vertebral reference. However, the validation of this alternative approach, along with its variability across and within participants under variable neck extensions, remains unexplored. The goal of this study was to determine if the variability of CSA across neck flexions/extensions is reduced when using the PMJ, compared to vertebral levels. Ten participants underwent a 3T MRI T2w isotropic scan at 0.6 mm3 for 3 neck positions: extension, neutral and flexion. Spinal cord segmentation, vertebral labeling, PMJ labeling, and CSA were computed automatically while spinal segments were labeled manually. Mean coefficient of variation for CSA across neck positions was 3.99 ± 2.96% for the PMJ method vs. 4.02 ± 3.01% for manual spinal segment method vs. 4.46 ± 3.10% for the disc method. These differences were not statistically significant. The PMJ method was slightly more reliable than the disc-based method to compute CSA at specific spinal segments, although the difference was not statistically significant. This suggests that the PMJ can serve as a valuable alternative and reliable method for estimating CSA when a disc-based approach is challenging or not feasible, such as in cases involving fused discs in individuals with spinal cord injuries.

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Spinal cord atrophy after spinal cord injury – A systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 5 publications

References 45 publications

Steroid inhibited Serpina3n expression which was positively correlated with the degrees of spinal cord injury

Steroid inhibited Serpina3n expression which was positively correlated with the degrees of spinal cord injury

The relationship between the structural changes in the cervical spinal cord and sensorimotor function of children with thoracolumbar spinal cord injury (TLSCI)

Pontomedullary junction as a reference for spinal cord cross-sectional area: validation across neck positions

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