Spinal cord and hypothalamus as core sensors of temperature in the conscious dog

Jessen, Claus; Ludwig, Otto

doi:10.1007/bf00586419

Cited by 35 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…As a consequence of no activity of either of these effectors, it was termed the "null zone" (30), but a more appropriate term is the interthreshold zone or thermoeffector threshold zone (32). Such notion of an interthreshold zone rather than a set point in humans is in agreement with experiments in animals (17,22) and is also in keeping with data obtained in humans (6) before the aforementioned experiments.…”

Section: Interthreshold Zonesupporting

confidence: 90%

Contribution of thermal and nonthermal factors to the regulation of body temperature in humans

Mekjavic

Eiken²

2006

Journal of Applied Physiology

158

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The set point has been used to define the regulated level of body temperature, suggesting that displacements of core temperature from the set point initiate heat production (HP) and heat loss (HL) responses. Human and animal experiments have demonstrated that the responses of sweating and shivering do not coincide at a set point but rather establish a thermoeffector threshold zone. Neurophysiological studies have demonstrated that the sensor-to-effector pathways for HP and HL overlap and, in fact, mutually inhibit each other. This reciprocal inhibition theory, presumably reflecting the manner in which thermal factors contribute to homeothermy in humans, does not incorporate the effect of nonthermal factors on temperature regulation. The present review examines the actions of these nonthermal factors within the context of neuronal models of temperature regulation, suggesting that examination of these factors may provide further insights into the nature of temperature regulation. It is concluded that, although there is no evidence to doubt the existence of the HP and HL pathways reciprocally inhibiting one another, it appears that such a mechanism is of little consequence when comparing the effects of nonthermal factors on the thermoregulatory system, since most of these factors seem to exert their influence in the region after the reciprocal cross-inhibition. At any given moment, both thermal and several nonthermal factors will be acting on the thermoregulatory system. It may, therefore, not be appropriate to dismiss the contribution of either when discussing the regulation of body temperature in humans.

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Section: Interthreshold Zonesupporting

confidence: 90%

Contribution of thermal and nonthermal factors to the regulation of body temperature in humans

Mekjavic

Eiken²

2006

Journal of Applied Physiology

158

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“…The functional contribution of central temperature sensing to the thermoregulatory mechanisms has been reported in a variety of animal species. Classic experiments have identified that artificial heating of the hypothalamus could directly elicit cutaneous vasodilation (Folkow, Strom, & Uvnas, 1949), and artificial increase in hypothalamic temperature triggered comparable heat loss response to spinal cord temperature (Jessen & Ludwig, 1971). More recent studies provided additional evidences, showing that the brain temperature could trigger signaling of neural sensors in the hypothalamus, which strongly influences the core body temperature (Conti et al, 2006;Song et al, 2016).…”

Section: Figure2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise Core Body Temperature is Adequately Regulated Following Spinal Cord Injury: A Meta-Analysis

Zhang¹,

Popović²

2019

J. Anthr. Sport Phis. Educ.

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Damage to the spinal cord results in malfunction of sympathetic pathways, which consequently influences thermoregulation during exercise. A consensus view is that athletes with spinal cord injury (SCI) are at a heightened thermal strain than the able-bodied athletes. However, a number of studies have reported similar increases in core body temperature in both populations. This study presented an up-to-date review of core body temperature response to exercise, from a meta-analytic point of view. Inclusion criteria were persons with SCI and control population (either healthy persons or wheelchair athletes without SCI) completed an exercise trial and their core body temperature responses were recorded under the same environmental conditions. Effect of SCI on thermoregulatory capabilities was quantified as raw mean core body temperature difference. Twelve studies examining 100 persons with SCI (Cervical (C2) to Lumbar (L5)) and 97 persons without SCI were meta-analyzed. The exercise interventions were submaximal exercise and the unweighted means ± standard deviations heat index and exercise duration were 31.5±11.9°C and 57±20 min, respectively. Regardless of injury, core body temperature was not different: raw mean difference, 0.048°C; 95% confidence interval,-0.12°C to 0.22°C. In conclusion, under SCI sport-specific exercise and environmental conditions, SCI does not produce outsized thermoregulatory impact, though the influence could be variable as a result of different lesion levels.

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“…The existence of an extracerebral thermoregulation control function associated with the spine has been recognized for more than 100 years (87). Manipulation of the spinal cord temperature as a means of controlling body temperature has been practiced more than 50 years (88), including demonstration experiments in more than a dozen mammalian and avian species that maintain a constant core temperature, including the ox (89), goat (90), sheep (91; 92), dog (93-95), pig (96), cat (97), guinea pig (98), rat (99), monkey (100), rabbit (101; 102), pigeon (103), penguin (104), and goose (105). Virtually all of these foregoing experiments were conducted using a highly invasive procedure in which water circulation tubing was implanted along the length of the spine through or around the vertebral canal and, sometimes, also surrounding the hypothalamus.…”

Section: Macro - Body Core Temperature Manipulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Nanowarming to Thermoregulation: New Multiscale Applications of Bioheat Transfer

Bischof

Diller

2018

Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng.

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This review explores bioheat transfer applications at multiple scales from nanoparticle (NP) heating to whole-body thermoregulation. For instance, iron oxide nanoparticles are being used for nanowarming, which uniformly and quickly rewarms 50-80-mL (≤5-cm-diameter) vitrified systems by coupling with radio-frequency (RF) fields where standard convective warming fails. A modification of this approach can also be used to successfully rewarm cryopreserved fish embryos (∼0.8 mm diameter) by heating previously injected gold nanoparticles with millisecond pulsed laser irradiation where standard convective warming fails. Finally, laser-induced heating of gold nanoparticles can improve the sensitivity of lateral flow assays (LFAs) so that they are competitive with laboratory tests such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This approach addresses the main weakness of LFAs, which are otherwise the cheapest, easiest, and fastest to use point-of-care diagnostic tests in the world. Body core temperature manipulation has now become possible through selective thermal stimulation (STS) approaches. For instance, simple and safe heating of selected areas of the skin surface can open arteriovenous anastomosis flow in glabrous skin when it is not already established, thereby creating a convenient and effective pathway to induce heat flow between the body core and environment. This has led to new applications of STS to increase or decrease core temperatures in humans and animals to assist in surgery (perioperative warming), to aid ischemic stress recovery (cooling), and even to enhance the quality of sleep. Together, these multiscale applications of nanoparticle heating and thermoregulation point to dramatic opportunities for translation and impact in these prophylactic, preservative, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications of bioheat transfer.

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Spinal cord and hypothalamus as core sensors of temperature in the conscious dog

Cited by 35 publications

References 5 publications

Contribution of thermal and nonthermal factors to the regulation of body temperature in humans

Contribution of thermal and nonthermal factors to the regulation of body temperature in humans

Exercise Core Body Temperature is Adequately Regulated Following Spinal Cord Injury: A Meta-Analysis

From Nanowarming to Thermoregulation: New Multiscale Applications of Bioheat Transfer

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