Spinach Methanolic Extract Attenuates the Retinal Degeneration in Diabetic Rats

Bautista-Pérez, Rocı́o; Cano-Martı́nez, Agustina; Gutiérrez-Velázquez, Elisa; Martínez-Rosas, Martín; Pérez-Gutiérrez, Rosa Martha; Jiménez‐Gómez, Francisco; Flores‐Estrada, Javier

doi:10.3390/antiox10050717

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…In the current study, SOX9 was mainly expressed in the ONL in control rats and there were no cells that were labeled for SOX9 in the INL, and GCL. After STZ treatment, SOX9 expression was extended into the INL and GCL in the diabetic retina, suggesting that the increased SOX9 might promote the downstream activation of the pathways of inflammatory responses [35]. It has been well documented that hyperglycemia can increase the expression of GFAP in Müller cells [36,37].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SRY-box transcription factor 9 modulates Müller cell gliosis in diabetic retinopathy by upregulating TXNIP transcription

Ouyang

Yuan

et al. 2023

Exp. Anim.

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Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a common complication of diabetes, involves excessive proliferation and inflammation of Muller cells and ultimately leads to vision loss and blindness. SRY-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9) has been reported to be highly expressed in Müller cells in retinal light-damaged rats, but the functional role of SOX9 in DR remains unclear. To explore this issue, the DR rat model was successfully constructed via injecting with streptozotocin (STZ, 65 mg/kg) and the retinal thicknesses and blood glucose levels were evaluated. Müller cells were treated with 25 mmol/L glucose to create a cell model in vitro. The results indicated that SOX9 expression was significantly increased in DR rat retinas and high glucose (HG)-stimulated Müller cells. HG treatment promoted the proliferation and migration capabilities of Müller cells, whereas SOX9 knockdown reversed those behaviors. Moreover, SOX9 knockdown protected against HG-induced inflammatory response, as evidenced by reduced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 levels in serum and decreased NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Notably, SOX9, acted as a transcription factor that positively regulated thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), a positive regulator of Müller cells gliosis under HG conditions. Dual luciferase assay demonstrated that SOX9 could enhance TXNIP expression at the transcriptional level through binding to the promoter of TXNIP. Moreover, TXNIP overexpression restored the effects caused by SOX9 silencing. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that SOX9 may accelerate the progression of DR by promoting glial cell proliferation, metastasis, and inflammation, which involves the transcriptional regulation of TXNIP, providing new theoretical fundamentals for DR therapy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SRY-box transcription factor 9 modulates Müller cell gliosis in diabetic retinopathy by upregulating TXNIP transcription

Ouyang

Yuan

et al. 2023

Exp. Anim.

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“…Methanolic extract of spinach leaves (Spinacia oleracea L.) (SME) was obtained according to the procedure previously described [29]; fresh leaves were harvested in the winter season in Puebla, Mexico. The SME was then stored in the dark at 4 • C.…”

Section: Total Polyphenols and Antioxidant Activity Of The Methanolic...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatoprotective Mechanisms Induced by Spinach Methanolic Extract in Rats with Hyperglycemia—An Immunohistochemical Analysis

Flores-Estrada,

Cano-Martínez,

Vargas-González

et al. 2023

Antioxidants

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Spinach methanolic extract (SME) has a hepatoprotective effect due to its polyphenolic antioxidants; however, its action in parenchymal (PQ) and non-parenchymal (nPQ) cells remains unknown. This study investigates the hepatoprotective effect of SME on streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats (STZ), focusing on immunohistochemical analyses. Methods: The extract was prepared, and the total polyphenols and antioxidant activity were quantified. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 8): normoglycemic rats (NG), STZ-induced hyperglycemic (STZ), STZ treated with 400 mg/kg SME (STZ-SME), and NG treated with SME (SME) for 12 weeks. Serum liver transaminases and lipid peroxidation levels in tissue were determined. The distribution pattern and relative levels of markers related to oxidative stress [reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase-1, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase-1], of cytoprotective molecules [nuclear NRF2 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)], of inflammatory mediators [nuclear NF-κB, TNF-α], proliferation (PCNA), and of fibrogenesis markers [TGF-β, Smad2/3, MMP-9, and TIMP1] were evaluated. Results: SME had antioxidant capacity, and it lowered serum transaminase levels in STZ-SME compared to STZ. It reduced NOX4 staining, and lipid peroxidation levels were related to low formation of ROS. In STZ-SME, the immunostaining for antioxidant enzymes increased in nPQ cells compared to STZ. However, enzymes were also localized in extra and intracellular vesicles in STZ. Nuclear NRF2 staining and HO-1 expression in PQ and nPQ were higher in STZ-SME than in STZ. Inflammatory factors were decreased in STZ-SME and were related to the percentage decrease in NF-κB nuclear staining in nPQ cells. Similarly, TGF-β (in the sinusoids) and MMP-9 (in nPQ) were increased in the STZ-SME group compared to the other groups; however, staining for CTGF, TIMP1, and Smad2/3 was lower. Conclusions: SME treatment in hyperglycemic rats induced by STZ may have hepatoprotective properties due to its scavenger capacity and the regulation of differential expression of antioxidant enzymes between the PQ and nPQ cells, reducing inflammatory and fibrogenic biomarkers in liver tissue.

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“…Spinach leaves are a rich source of chlorophylls and carotenoids [5], and aqueous extracts from the leaves exhibit exceptionally potent antioxidant activity, surpassing that of green tea, lettuce, cabbage, onions, and even pure vitamin E [12,13]. A spinachsupplemented diet therefore has numerous health-promoting effects [1], such as anti-cancer and anti-angiogenic effects [14], the alleviation of inflammatory vascular diseases [15], the retardation of age-related decline in cognitive and motor functions of the nervous system [13,16], and the prevention of diabetic complications [17,18]. In addition, the consumption of raw spinach has been shown to promote the diversification of the gut microbiota, contributing to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and the prevention of chronic diseases [19][20][21][22][23][24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Somatic Embryogenesis in Spinach—A Review

Zdravković-Korać,

Belić,

Ćalić

et al. 2023

Horticulturae

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A spinach-supplemented diet exerts numerous health benefits, but high levels of oxalic acid and nitrate can cause medical problems, so their levels should be reduced, while the levels of vitamins and phytochemicals could be further increased by breeding. Conventional spinach breeding is limited by the very complex sex determination. However, these limitations could be circumvented in synergy with a biotechnological approach. Accordingly, tissue culture techniques allow rapid and efficient clonal propagation of selected valuable genotypes, and somatic embryogenesis has been recognized as a superior process for clonal propagation because somatic embryos resemble zygotic embryos and therefore can spontaneously develop into complete plants. Since spinach has been considered recalcitrant to in vitro regeneration for decades, a deeper insight into the mechanisms underlying somatic embryogenesis is important for a better understanding and further improvement of the efficiency of this process. In this review, a comprehensive overview of the major factors affecting somatic embryogenesis in spinach is presented and discussed, with particular emphasis on the synergistic effects of α-naphthaleneacetic acid, gibberellic acid, light, and the intrinsic predisposition of individual seedlings to somatic embryogenesis, as well as the expression of genes encoding key enzymes involved in the maintenance of gibberellin homeostasis and the levels of endogenous gibberellins.

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Spinach Methanolic Extract Attenuates the Retinal Degeneration in Diabetic Rats

Cited by 8 publications

References 62 publications

SRY-box transcription factor 9 modulates Müller cell gliosis in diabetic retinopathy by upregulating TXNIP transcription

SRY-box transcription factor 9 modulates Müller cell gliosis in diabetic retinopathy by upregulating TXNIP transcription

Hepatoprotective Mechanisms Induced by Spinach Methanolic Extract in Rats with Hyperglycemia—An Immunohistochemical Analysis

Somatic Embryogenesis in Spinach—A Review

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