“…At the same time, it provides a convenient method to examine the involved molecular structures in detail. − Surface analysis techniques, such as scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) , and atomic force microscopy (AFM), , allow us to visualize the effects of these small gas molecules on the assembly structures with submolecular resolution. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is employed to analyze the chemical characteristics of the assembly structures, including elemental composition, valence state, and electronic structure. , Theoretical calculations, especially density functional theory (DFT), which enables explanation and prediction of the patterns and helps determine properties such as charge distribution and electronic structure, , has been extensively used to investigate the adsorption configurations of molecules on solid surfaces, intermolecular interactions, and molecule–substrate interactions …”