Spin Readout Techniques of the Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in Diamond

Powered by the mutual developments in instrumentation, materials and theoretical descriptions, sensing and imaging capabilities of quantum emitters in solids have significantly increased in the past two decades. Quantum emitters in solids, whose properties resemble those of atoms and ions, provide alternative ways to probing natural and artificial nanoscopic systems with minimum disturbance and ultimate spatial resolution. Among those emerging quantum emitters, the nitrogenvacancy (NV) color center in diamond is an outstanding example due to its intrinsic properties at room temperature (highly-luminescent, photo-stable, biocompatible, highly-coherent spin states). This review article summarizes recent advances and achievements in using NV centers within nano-and single crystal diamonds in sensing and imaging. We also highlight prevalent challenges and material aspects for different types of diamond and outline the main parameters to consider when using color centers as sensors. As a novel sensing resource, we highlight the properties of NV centers as light emitting electrical dipoles and their coupling to other nanoscale dipoles e.g. graphene. ‡ Present address: Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Strada delle cacce 91, 10137 Torino (To), Italy arXiv:1909.03719v1 [physics.app-ph] 9 Sep 2019 Nanoscale sensing based on nitrogen vacancy centers 2

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“…For a more detailed review see Ref. [114]. Novel read-out methods that partly bypass the challenge of low collection efficiency include:…”

Section: Readout and Charge Statementioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoscale sensing based on nitrogen vacancy centers in single crystal diamond and nanodiamonds: achievements and challenges

et al. 2019

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“…T which can be done through various standard techniques, including motional sideband spectroscopy [64] and photoluminescence [65,66]. In other words, we measure the excited state population of  before the stroke, which we denote as ¢ n k .…”

Section: Indirect Measurement Of the Heat Q H Exchanged With The Hot mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum magnetometry using two-stroke thermal machines

et al. 2020

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The precise estimation of small parameters is a challenging problem in quantum metrology. Here, we introduce a protocol for accurately measuring weak magnetic fields using a two-level magnetometer, which is coupled to two (hot and cold) thermal baths and operated as a two-stroke quantum thermal machine. Its working substance consists of a two-level system (TLS), generated by an unknown weak magnetic field acting on a qubit, and a second TLS arising due to the application of a known strong and tunable field on another qubit. Depending on this field, the machine may either act as an engine or a refrigerator. Under feasible conditions, determining this transition point allows to reduce the relative error of the measurement of the weak unknown magnetic field by the ratio of the temperatures of the colder bath to the hotter bath.

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“…Optical pumping with 532 nm light produces a steady-state statistical charge distribution; typically the probability to prepare the NV − state is around 75% [18,19], although it can be much lower for defects close to surfaces [20]. This probabilistic steadystate initialization (SSI) hampers spin readout by decreasing contrast and increasing readout noise [7], and it limits the fidelity of quantum gate operations of coupled spin systems utilizing the NV center as an ancilla [18,21]. Existing techniques to improve the charge initialization fidelity include doping electrically [22] or chemically [23], and multi-color optical pumping [24].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where σ i is the standard deviation associated with S i [7]. To make quantitative comparisons between readout techniques, the physical observable and its accompanying statistical model must be incorporated into equation (7). For PL readout [ Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where τ I is the initialization time, τ O is the spin operation time, and τ R is the spin readout time. This figure of merit is related to the sensitivity, and encompasses the single-shot SNR, the spin operation duration, and the associated initialization and readout overheads [7]. The total SNR after multiple measurement cycles with a total integration time, T , is simply given by SNR = ξ √ T .…”

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confidence: 99%

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Real-Time Charge Initialization of Diamond Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers for Enhanced Spin Readout

et al. 2020

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A common impediment to qubit performance is imperfect state initialization. In the case of the diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center, the initialization fidelity is limited by fluctuations in the defect's charge state during optical pumping. Here, we use real-time control to deterministically initialize the NV center's charge state at room temperature. We demonstrate a maximum charge initialization fidelity of 99.4±0.1% and present a quantitative model of the initialization process that allows for systems-level optimization of the spin-readout signal-to-noise ratio. Even accounting for the overhead associated with the initialization sequence, increasing the charge initialization fidelity from the steady-state value of 75% near to unity allows for a factor-of-two speedup in experiments while maintaining the same signal-to-noise-ratio. In combination with high-fidelity readout based on spin-to-charge conversion, real-time initialization enables a factor-of-20 speedup over traditional methods, resulting in an ac magnetic sensitivity of 1.3 nT/Hz 1/2 for our single NV-center spin. The real-time control method is immediately beneficial for quantum sensing applications with NV centers as well as probing charge-dependent physics, and it will facilitate protocols for quantum feedback control over multi-qubit systems.arXiv:1907.08741v1 [quant-ph]

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Spin Readout Techniques of the Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in Diamond

Cited by 112 publications

References 141 publications

Nanoscale sensing based on nitrogen vacancy centers in single crystal diamond and nanodiamonds: achievements and challenges

Nanoscale sensing based on nitrogen vacancy centers in single crystal diamond and nanodiamonds: achievements and challenges

Quantum magnetometry using two-stroke thermal machines

Real-Time Charge Initialization of Diamond Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers for Enhanced Spin Readout

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