Spin microscope based on optically detected magnetic resonance

Chernobrod, B. M.; Berman, G. P.

doi:10.1063/1.1829373

Cited by 98 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Such markers have attracted widespread interest because of their unprecedented photostability and non-toxicity 16,17 . It was recognized recently that the magnetic properties of such fluorescent labels can in principle be used for novel microscopy 18,19 . Here we demonstrate the realization of a magneto-optic microscope using nitrogen-vacancy diamond as the magnetic fluorescent label that moreover does not bleach or blink.…”

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confidence: 99%

Nanoscale imaging magnetometry with diamond spins under ambient conditions

Balasubramanian

Chan

Kolesov

et al. 2008

Nature

1,779

1,709

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Magnetic resonance imaging and optical microscopy are key technologies in the life sciences. For microbiological studies, especially of the inner workings of single cells, optical microscopy is normally used because it easily achieves resolution close to the optical wavelength. But in conventional microscopy, diffraction limits the resolution to about half the wavelength. Recently, it was shown that this limit can be partly overcome by nonlinear imaging techniques 1,2 , but there is still a barrier to reaching the molecular scale. In contrast, in magnetic resonance imaging the spatial resolution is not determined by diffraction; rather, it is limited by magnetic field sensitivity, and so can in principle go well below the optical wavelength. The sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging has recently been improved enough to image single cells 3,4 , and magnetic resonance force microscopy 5 has succeeded in detecting single electrons 6 and small nuclear spin ensembles 7 . However, this technique currently requires cryogenic temperatures, which limit most potential biological applications 8 . Alternatively, single-electron spin states can be detected optically 9,10 , even at room temperature in some systems [11][12][13][14] . Here we show how magneto-optical spin detection can be used to determine the location of a spin associated with a single nitrogen-vacancy centre in diamond with nanometre resolution under ambient conditions. By placing these nitrogen-vacancy spins in functionalized diamond nanocrystals, biologically specific magnetofluorescent spin markers can be produced. Significantly, we show that this nanometre-scale resolution can be achieved without any probes located closer than typical cell dimensions. Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of a single diamond spin as a scanning probe magnetometer to map nanoscale magnetic field variations. The potential impact of single-spin imaging at room temperature is far-reaching. It could lead to the capability to probe biologically relevant spins in living cells.The nitrogen-vacancy centre in diamond is a unique solid state system that allows ultrasensitive and rapid detection of single electronic spin states under ambient conditions 12 . The nitrogen-vacancy defect is a naturally occurring impurity that is responsible for the pink colouration of diamond crystals when present in high concentration. It was demonstrated that this colour centre can be produced in diamond nanocrystals by electron irradiation. Fluorescing nitrogen-vacancy diamond nanocrystals can be used as markers for bioimaging applications 15 . Such markers have attracted widespread interest because of their unprecedented photostability and non-toxicity 16,17 . It was recognized recently that the magnetic properties of such fluorescent labels can in principle be used for novel microscopy 18,19 . Here we demonstrate the realization of a magneto-optic microscope using nitrogen-vacancy diamond as the magnetic fluorescent label that moreover does not bleach or blink. Figure 1c and d show the fluorescenc...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoscale imaging magnetometry with diamond spins under ambient conditions

Balasubramanian

Chan

Kolesov

et al. 2008

Nature

1,779

1,709

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“…Based on these measurements we provide recommendations for improving qubit coherence, allowing for higher fidelity operations and improved charge sensitivity. Two level quantum systems (qubits) are emerging as promising candidates both for quantum information processing [1] and for sensitive metrology [2,3]. When prepared in a superposition of two states and allowed to evolve, the state of the system precesses with a frequency proportional to the splitting between the states.…”

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confidence: 99%

Charge Noise Spectroscopy Using Coherent Exchange Oscillations in a Singlet-Triplet Qubit

et al. 2013

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Two level systems that can be reliably controlled and measured hold promise as qubits both for metrology and for quantum information science (QIS). Since a fluctuating environment limits the performance of qubits in both capacities, understanding the environmental coupling and dynamics is key to improving qubit performance. We show measurements of the level splitting and dephasing due to voltage noise of a GaAs singlet-triplet qubit during exchange oscillations. Unexpectedly, the voltage fluctuations are non-Markovian even at high frequencies and exhibit a strong temperature dependence. The magnitude of the fluctuations allows the qubit to be used as a charge sensor with a sensitivity of 2 × 10 −8 e/ √ Hz, two orders of magnitude better than a quantum-limited RF single electron transistor (RF-SET). Based on these measurements we provide recommendations for improving qubit coherence, allowing for higher fidelity operations and improved charge sensitivity. Two level quantum systems (qubits) are emerging as promising candidates both for quantum information processing [1] and for sensitive metrology [2,3]. When prepared in a superposition of two states and allowed to evolve, the state of the system precesses with a frequency proportional to the splitting between the states. However, on a timescale of the coherence time, T 2 , the qubit loses its quantum information due to interactions with its noisy environment. This causes qubit oscillations to decay and limits the fidelity of quantum control and the precision of qubit-based measurements. In this work we study singlet-triplet (S-T 0 ) qubits, a particular realization of spin qubits [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11], which store quantum information in the joint spin state of two electrons [12][13][14]. We form the qubit in two gate-defined lateral quantum dots (QD) in a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure (Fig. 1a). The QDs are depleted until there is exactly one electron left in each, so that the system occupies the so-called (1, 1) charge configuration. Here (n L , n R ) describes a double QD with n L electrons in the left dot and n R electrons in the right dot. This two-electron system has four possible spin states: |S , |T + , |T 0 , and |T − . The |S ,|T 0 subspace is used as the logical subspace for this qubit because it is insensitive to homogeneous magnetic field fluctuations and is manipulable using only pulsed DC electric fields [12,13,15]. The relevant low-lying energy levels of this qubit are shown in Fig. 1c. Two distinct rotations are possible in these devices: rotations around the x-axis of the Bloch sphere driven by difference in magnetic field between the QDs, ∆B z (provided in this experiment by feedback-stabilized hyperfine interactions[16]), and rotations around the z-axis driven by the exchange interaction, J (Fig. 1b) [17]. A |S can be prepared quickly with high fidelity by exchanging an electron with the QD leads, and the projection of the state of the qubit along the z-axis can be measured using RF reflectometery with an adjacent sensing QD (green arrow in ...

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“…Sensors based on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres in diamond are promising magnetometers because of their atomic size. This allows placement of the sensor with few nanometre proximity to the sample while retaining superior volume-to-sensitivity scaling, room temperature operation and optical readout [6][7][8] .…”

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confidence: 99%

Magnetic spin imaging under ambient conditions with sub-cellular resolution

Steinert¹,

Ziem²,

et al. 2013

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The detection of small numbers of magnetic spins is a significant challenge in the life, physical and chemical sciences, especially when room temperature operation is required. Here we show that a proximal nitrogen-vacancy spin ensemble serves as a high precision sensing and imaging array. Monitoring its longitudinal relaxation enables sensing of freely diffusing, unperturbed magnetic ions and molecules in a microfluidic device without applying external magnetic fields. Multiplexed charge-coupled device acquisition and an optimized detection scheme permits direct spin noise imaging of magnetically labelled cellular structures under ambient conditions. Within 20 s we achieve spatial resolutions below 500 nm and experimental sensitivities down to 1,000 statistically polarized spins, of which only 32 ions contribute to a net magnetization. The results mark a major step towards versatile subcellular magnetic imaging and real-time spin sensing under physiological conditions providing a minimally invasive tool to monitor ion channels or haemoglobin trafficking inside live cells.

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Spin microscope based on optically detected magnetic resonance

Cited by 98 publications

References 14 publications

Nanoscale imaging magnetometry with diamond spins under ambient conditions

Nanoscale imaging magnetometry with diamond spins under ambient conditions

Charge Noise Spectroscopy Using Coherent Exchange Oscillations in a Singlet-Triplet Qubit

Magnetic spin imaging under ambient conditions with sub-cellular resolution

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