Spillover of zoonotic pathogens: A review of reviews

Sánchez, Cecilia A.; Venkatachalam-Vaz, Joy; Drake, John M.

doi:10.1111/zph.12846

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Evaluating human disease risk from zoonotic pathogens, those shared between wildlife and humans, requires characterization of pathogen traits influencing their environmental distribution and spillover potential (Sánchez et al 2021). Recent meta-analyses and reviews have repeatedly identified host breadth, or the capacity to infect phylogenetically diverse species, as a key trait influencing spillover (Woolhouse & Gowtage-Sequeria 2005;Olival et al 2017;Becker & Albery 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Host adaptation drives genetic diversity in a vector-borne disease system

Combs

Tufts

Adams

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The range of hosts a pathogen can infect is a key trait influencing human disease risk and reservoir host infection dynamics. Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (Bb), an emerging zoonotic pathogen, causes Lyme disease and is widely considered a host generalist, commonly infecting mammals and birds. Yet the extent of intraspecific variation in Bb host breadth, its role in determining host competence and potential implications to human infection remain unclear. We conducted a long-term study of Bb diversity, defined by the polymorphic ospC locus, across white-footed mice, passerine birds, and tick vectors leveraging long-read amplicon sequencing. Our results reveal strong variation in host breadth across Bb genotypes, exposing a spectrum of genotype-specific host-adapted phenotypes. We found support for multiple niche polymorphism maintaining Bb diversity in nature and little evidence of temporal shifts in genotype dominance, as would be expected under negative frequency-dependent selection. Passerine birds support the circulation of several human invasive strains in the local tick population and harbor greater Bb genotypic diversity compared to white-footed mice. Mouse-adapted Bb genotypes exhibited longer persistence in individual mice compared to non-adapted genotypes and infection communities infecting individual mice preferentially became dominated by mouse-adapted genotypes over time. We posit that intraspecific variation in Bb host breadth and specificity helps maintain overall species fitness in response to transmission by a generalist vector. Because pathogen genotypes vary in host breadth and result in diverse human disease manifestations, our findings indicate that a more nuanced definition of 'host competence' incorporating local genotype frequency is warranted.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host adaptation drives genetic diversity in a vector-borne disease system

Combs

Tufts

Adams

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The consequences of these spillovers have proven to be devastating for environmental, social, economic, and political systems. The same has been demonstrated through the Ebola virus outbreak of 2014 and the recent SARS-CoV-2 outbreak of 2019, resulting in an economic loss of approximately 28 trillion USD in 2019–2020 4 , 5 . However, we are still at a nascent stage when it comes to understanding the diversity of potential zoonotic pathogens and the causes of their spillovers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Using Environmental Sampling to Enable Zoonotic Pandemic Preparedness

et al. 2022

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The current pandemic caused by the SARS CoV-2, tracing back its origin possibly to a coronavirus associated with bats, has ignited renewed interest in understanding zoonotic spillovers across the globe. While research is more directed towards solving the problem at hand by finding therapeutic strategies and novel vaccine techniques, it is important to address the environmental drivers of pathogen spillover and the complex biotic and abiotic drivers of zoonoses. The availability of cutting-edge genomic technologies has contributed enormously to preempt viral emergence from wildlife. However, there is still a dearth of studies from species-rich South Asian countries, especially from India. In this review, we outline the importance of studying disease dynamics through environmental sampling from wildlife in India and how ecological parameters of both the virus and the host community may play a role in mediating cross-species spillovers. Non-invasive sampling using feces, urine, shed hair, saliva, shed skin, and feathers has been instrumental in providing genetic information for both the host and their associated pathogens. Here, we discuss the advances made in environmental sampling protocols and strategies to generate genetic data from such samples towards the surveillance and characterization of potentially zoonotic pathogens. We primarily focus on bat-borne or small mammal-borne zoonoses and propose a conceptual framework for non-invasive strategies to tackle the threat of emerging zoonotic infections.

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“…Among wild animals, ruminants play a major role in terms of multiple routes of contact with humans and the strong influence they still have on our culture [ 2 ]. In recent decades, the interest in wildlife diseases has increased, with the awareness of their public health implications and the importance of active surveillance [ 3 , 4 ]. Infectious diseases of wildlife can potentially pose health risks with multiple economic and health repercussions on domestic populations, as well as on human health [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunohistochemical Characterization of Immune System Cells in Lymphoid Organs from Roe and Fallow Deer

Fonti

Parisi

Millanta

et al. 2022

Animals

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Roe and Fallow deer are common wild ruminants widely distributed in Italy. Infectious diseases of these species can potentially pose health risks to domestic animals and humans. However, few studies have been conducted in which immune system cells in these species were phenotyped. The aims of this study were to determine the cross-reactivity of a wide anti-human panel of commercial antibodies on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples and to describe the distribution of roe and fallow deer main immune cell subsets in the lymph nodes and spleen. Twenty retromandibular lymph nodes (RLNs) and spleen samples were collected from 10 roe deer and 10 fallow deer and were tested by a panel of 12 commercial anti-human antibodies. The CD79a, CD20, CD3, Iba-1, MAC387, and AM-3K antibodies were successfully labeled cells in cervine tissue, while the Foxp3 and the CD68 did not show suitable immunostaining. This study supplies the first immunohistochemical description of immune cell subpopulations in non-pathological spleen and RLNs from roe and fallow deer and provides an easily repeatable manual IHC protocol to immunolocalize cervine B-, T-cells, and macrophages subsets in FFPE tissue samples.

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Spillover of zoonotic pathogens: A review of reviews

Cited by 22 publications

References 46 publications

Host adaptation drives genetic diversity in a vector-borne disease system

Host adaptation drives genetic diversity in a vector-borne disease system

Using Environmental Sampling to Enable Zoonotic Pandemic Preparedness

Immunohistochemical Characterization of Immune System Cells in Lymphoid Organs from Roe and Fallow Deer

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