Spike and Wave Discharges and Alterations of Conscious Awareness

Goldie, L.; Green, J. M.

doi:10.1038/191200a0

Cited by 32 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…20,72 Furthermore, types of motor symptoms correlate with regions most involved by spikes, that is, the frontal eye field and frontal motor areas responsible for eyelid fluttering and mild myoclonic jerks. First, motor signs occur synchronous to the spikes.…”

Section: Clinical Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generalized nonmotor (absence) seizures—What do absence, generalized, and nonmotor mean?

et al. 2018

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Section: Clinical Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generalized nonmotor (absence) seizures—What do absence, generalized, and nonmotor mean?

et al. 2018

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“…AS themselves can have a variable effect on consciousness both within and between seizures in an individual (11, 12). Furthermore, variable aspects of a patient’s cognition may be impaired suggesting that selective brain networks may be involved during AS (11, 13). Exactly what the mechanism involved in the disruption of cognition is unclear; however, it has been speculated that focal involvement of bilateral frontal association cortex disrupts normal processing leading to impairment of specific cognitive functions (11).…”

Section: Clinicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the Mechanisms of Absence Seizure Generation Provided by EEG with Functional MRI

Carney

Jackson

2014

Front. Neurol.

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Absence seizures (AS) are brief epileptic events characterized by loss of awareness with subtle motor features. They may be very frequent, and impact on attention, learning, and memory. A number of pathophysiological models have been developed to explain the mechanism of absence seizure generation, which relies heavily on observations from animal studies. Studying the structural and functional relationships between large-scale brain networks in humans is only practical with non-invasive whole brain techniques. EEG with functional MRI (EEG-fMRI) is one such technique that provides an opportunity to explore the interactions between brain structures involved in AS generation. A number of fMRI techniques including event-related analysis, time-course analysis, and functional connectivity (FC) have identified a common network of structures involved in AS. This network comprises the thalamus, midline, and lateral parietal cortex [the default mode network (DMN)], caudate nuclei, and the reticular structures of the pons. The main component displaying an increase in blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal relative to the resting state, in group studies, is the thalamus while the most consistent cortical change is reduced BOLD signal in the DMN. Time-course analysis shows that, rather than some structures being activated or inactivated during AS, there appears to be increase in activity across components of the network preceding or following the electro-clinical onset of the seizure. The earliest change in BOLD signal occurs in the DMN, prior to the onset of epileptiform events. This region also shows altered FC in patients with AS. Hence, it appears that engagement of this network is central to AS. In this review, we will explore the insights of EEG-fMRI studies into the mechanisms of AS and consider how the DMN is likely to be the major large-scale brain network central to both seizure generation and seizure manifestations.

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“…However, the EEG recordings of chickens following electrical stunning often differ from those of mammals in that the epileptic activity more closely resembles a petit mal seizure (Gregory & Wotton, 1987), a milder form of epileptic attack in humans (Gregory, 1986). These kinds of seizures are not associated with immediate unconsciousness in humans (Goldie & Green, 1961;Porter & Penry, 1973), and this is one of many lines of evidence, further discussed later, to suggest that electrical stunning does not produce immediate unconsciousness in all birds (Boyd, 1994;Gregory, 1986;Gregory & Wotton, 1987;Raj, 2003). However, because the brain of a chicken responds to electrical stunning differently from the brain of a mammal (Raj, 2003), the subjective experiences of a bird and a mammal may also differ during a petit mal seizure.…”

Section: Electrical Water-bath Stunning Efficacymentioning

confidence: 86%

A Critical Review of Electrical Water-Bath Stun Systems for Poultry Slaughter and Recent Developments in Alternative Technologies

Shields¹,

Raj

2010

Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science

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Prior to slaughter, most farmed birds move through a constant-voltage, multiple-bird, electrical water-bath stun system. Using this system subjects live birds to stressful and painful shackling, and the potential exists for them to receive prestun electric shocks and induction of seizures while still conscious. The existing electrical water-bath stunner settings, particularly those used in U.S. slaughter plants, are not necessarily based on sound scientific data that they produce a consistent, immediate stun, and research indicates that they are not effective in all birds. Further, in multiple-bird, electrical water-bath systems, birds may miss the stunner completely. Evidence suggests that some birds may still be alive when they reach the scald vat. For these reasons, electrical water-bath systems are increasingly under scrutiny on nonhuman-animal welfare grounds. Controlled Atmosphere Killing (CAK), a promising alternative technology, uses gas mixtures to render birds unconscious. CAK systems that stun birds while they are still in their transport crates avoid many of the welfare problems associated with the live-hang process and electrical water-bath stunning.

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Spike and Wave Discharges and Alterations of Conscious Awareness

Cited by 32 publications

References 3 publications

Generalized nonmotor (absence) seizures—What do absence, generalized, and nonmotor mean?

Generalized nonmotor (absence) seizures—What do absence, generalized, and nonmotor mean?

Insights into the Mechanisms of Absence Seizure Generation Provided by EEG with Functional MRI

A Critical Review of Electrical Water-Bath Stun Systems for Poultry Slaughter and Recent Developments in Alternative Technologies

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