SPICY: The Spitzer/IRAC Candidate YSO Catalog for the Inner Galactic Midplane

Kuhn, Michael A.; Krone-Martins, A.; Castro-Ginard, A.; Ishida, Emille E. O.; Povich, Matthew S.; Hillenbrand, Lynne A.

doi:10.3847/1538-4365/abe465

Cited by 68 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 169 publications

(229 reference statements)

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“…The distribution of YSOs along the line of sight, which crosses the Galactic plane in the direction l ≈ 340 • , shows a clumpy pattern (Kuhn et al 2021), with groupings of YSOs (identified from Spitzer's catalogue) associated with the Carina-Saggitarius and Scutum-Centaurus arms, but with some clustering in the inter-arm region. Our BG appears to be located in the vicinity of these concentrations and could represent the more evolved optical counterpart of the ongoing star-formation process.…”

Section: Appendix A: Is There a Cluster In Front Ofmentioning

confidence: 98%

Westerlund 1 under the light of Gaia EDR3: Distance, isolation, extent, and a hidden population

Negueruela

Alfaro

Dorda

et al. 2022

A&A

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Context. The young massive cluster Westerlund 1 offers the promise of a grand laboratory for the study of high-mass star evolution, but its basic parameters are still poorly known. Aims. In this paper, we aim at a better characterisation of the cluster by determining some basic kinematic properties and analysing the area surrounding the cluster and the population in its foreground. Methods. We have used Gaia early data release 3 (EDR3) data, together with spectra of a large sample of luminous stars in the field surrounding Westerlund 1, to explore the extent of the cluster. We carried out a non-parametric analysis of proper motions and membership determination. We investigated the reddening and proper motions of several dozen OB stars and red supergiants less than one degree away from Westerlund 1. Results. We identify a population of kinematic members of Westerlund 1 that largely includes the known spectroscopic members. From their EDR3 parallaxes, we derive a distance to the cluster of 4.23 +0.23 −0.21 kpc. We analyse the extinction in this direction, finding that it increases by a large amount around 2.8 kpc, which in all likelihood is due to dark clouds associated with the Scutum-Crux arm. As a consequence, we hardly see any stars at distances comparable (or higher) than that of the cluster. The proper motions of Westerlund 1, however, are very similar to those of stars in the field surrounding it which are -almost without exception -less distant, but distinct. We find a second, astrometrically well-defined population in the foreground (d ≈ 2 kpc), centred ∼ 8 ′ away, which is likely connected to the possible open cluster BH 197. Westerlund 1 is very elongated, an effect that seems real and not driven by the very heavy extinction to the east and south. We find a low-density halo extending to distances up to 10 ′ from the cluster centre, mainly in the north-west quadrant. A few OB stars at larger distances from the cluster, most notably the luminous blue variable (LBV) MN48, share its proper motions, suggesting that Westerlund 1 has little or no peculiar motion with respect to the field population of the Norma arm. Despite this, we are unable to find any red supergiant that could belong to an extended population related to the cluster, although we observe several dozen such objects in the foreground, demonstrating the richness of the field population along this sightline. We find a substantial population of luminous OB members obscured by several more magnitudes of extinction than most known members. These objects, mostly located in the central region of the cluster, increase the population of OB supergiants by about 25%.

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Section: Appendix A: Is There a Cluster In Front Ofmentioning

confidence: 98%

Westerlund 1 under the light of Gaia EDR3: Distance, isolation, extent, and a hidden population

Negueruela

Alfaro

Dorda

et al. 2022

A&A

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“…Furthermore, we used several existing YSO catalogues from the literature, based on optical and infrared surveys and observations, including data from Gaia DR2, infrared data from 2MASS, and the Spitzer and WISE surveys. These catalogues are the Marton et al (2019) probabilistic YSO catalogue, based on Gaia DR2 optical data, 2MASS near-infrared photometry, and WISE mid-IR observations from the AllWISE catalogue, the SPICY (Spitzer/IRAC Candidate YSO) catalogue of Kuhn et al (2021) based on mid-IR observations of Spitzer and the Großschedl et al (2018) study of Orion A based on ESO-VISTA near-infrared survey. While the source of our selection of Gaia DR3 YSO candidate sample is the optical variability, the listed catalogues from the literature used the infrared excess in the SED as the signature of the young nature.…”

Section: Other Cataloguesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gaia Data Release 3 Validating the classification of variable Young Stellar Object candidates

Márton¹,

Ábrahám²,

Audard³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Context. The Gaia third Data Release (DR3) presents the first catalogue of full-sky variable Young Stellar Object (YSO) candidates observed by the Gaia space telescope during the initial 34 months of science operations. Aims. Numerous types of variable stars were classified using photometric data collected by Gaia. One of the new classes presented in the Gaia DR3 is the class of YSOs showing brightness variability. We analysed 79 375 sources classified as YSO candidates to validate their young nature and investigate the completeness and purity of the sample. Methods. We cross-matched the Gaia DR3 YSO sample with numerous catalogues from the literature, including YSO catalogues based on optical and infrared data, as well as catalogues of extragalactic sources and Galactic variable stars. YSO catalogues were used to quantify the completeness of the Gaia DR3 YSO sample, while others were inspected to calculate the contamination. Results. Among the 79 375 potential Young Stellar Object candidates published in the Gaia DR3 variable star catalogue, the majority of these objects are distributed along the line of sight of well-known Star Forming Regions and the Galactic mid-plane. We found that the contamination level is well below 1%, while the completeness is also at the percent level, taking into account that the Gaia DR3 YSO sample is based on sources that showed significant variability during the data collection period. The number of sources in our sample that were never catalogued before as YSO candidates is in the order of ∼40 000 objects.

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“…The method decomposes joint probability distributions into their marginal distributions and a function, the copula, that couples them (Nelsen 2010). Recently, Kuhn et al (2021) used the method of MCI to aid the construction of the SPICY catalogue of young stellar objects in the Galactic midplane. Moreover, Sato et al (2011) and Lin et al (2016) constructed likelihood functions for weak lensing analysis and Andreani et al (2018) inferred bivariate luminosity and mass functions making use of MCI.…”

Section: Missing Data: Multiple Copula Imputationmentioning

confidence: 99%

J-PLUS: A catalogue of globular cluster candidates around the M81/M82/NGC3077 triplet of galaxies

Chies-Santos¹,

Caso²,

Ennis³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Globular clusters (GCs) are proxies of the formation assemblies of their host galaxies. However, few studies exist targeting GC systems of spiral galaxies up to several effective radii. Through 12-band Javalambre Photometric Local Universe Survey (J-PLUS) imaging, we study the point sources around the M 81/M 82/NGC 3077 triplet in search of new GC candidates. We develop a tailored classification scheme to search for GC candidates based on their similarity to known GCs via a principal components analysis (PCA) projection. Our method accounts for missing data and photometric errors. We report 642 new GC candidates in a region of 3.5 deg 2 around the triplet, ranked according to their Gaia astrometric proper motions when available. We find tantalising evidence for an overdensity of GC candidate sources forming a bridge connecting M 81 and M 82. Finally, the spatial distribution of the GC candidates (𝑔 − 𝑖) colours is consistent with halo/intra-cluster GCs, i.e. it gets bluer as they get further from the closest galaxy in the field. We further employ a regression-tree based model to estimate the metallicity distribution of the GC candidates based on their J-PLUS bands. The metallicity distribution of the sample candidates is broad and displays a bump towards the metal-rich end. Our list increases the population of GC candidates around the triplet by 3-fold, stresses the usefulness of multi-band surveys in finding these objects, and provides a testbed for further studies analysing their spatial distribution around nearby (spirals) galaxies.

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SPICY: The Spitzer/IRAC Candidate YSO Catalog for the Inner Galactic Midplane

Cited by 68 publications

References 169 publications

Westerlund 1 under the light of Gaia EDR3: Distance, isolation, extent, and a hidden population

Westerlund 1 under the light of Gaia EDR3: Distance, isolation, extent, and a hidden population

Gaia Data Release 3 Validating the classification of variable Young Stellar Object candidates

J-PLUS: A catalogue of globular cluster candidates around the M81/M82/NGC3077 triplet of galaxies

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