Spice drugs: los cannabinoides como nuevas drogas de diseño

Mustata, Cristina; Torrens, Marta; Pardo, Ricardo; Pérez, Carlos; Group, The Psychonaut Web Mapping; Farré, Magı́

doi:10.20882/adicciones.227

Cited by 31 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…[1] As most of the labeled potentially psychoactive herbal ingredients are unverifiable in these products, the psychotropic effects could hardly be traced back to the plants. Although declared as exotic incense and not for human consumption, they were smoked by some consumers and cannabis-like effects were described.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening for the synthetic cannabinoid JWH‐018 and its major metabolites in human doping controls

Möller

Wintermeyer

Bender

et al. 2010

Drug Testing and Analysis

115

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Referred to as 'spice', several new drugs, advertised as herbal blends, have appeared on the market in the last few years, in which the synthetic cannabinoids JWH-018 and a C(8) homologue of CP 47,497 were identified as major active ingredients. Due to their reported cannabis-like effects, many European countries have banned these substances. The World Anti-Doping Agency has also explicitly prohibited synthetic cannabinoids in elite sport in-competition. Since urine specimens have been the preferred doping control samples, the elucidation of the metabolic pathways of these substances is of particular importance to implement them in sports drug testing programmes. In a recent report, an in vitro phase-I metabolism study of JWH-018 was presented yielding mainly hydroxylated and N-dealkylated metabolites. Due to these findings, a urine sample of a healthy man declaring to have smoked a 'spice' product was screened for potential phase-I and -II metabolites by high-resolution/high-accuracy mass spectrometry in the present report. The majority of the phase-I metabolites observed in earlier in vitro studies of JWH-018 were detected in this urine specimen and furthermore most of their respective monoglucuronides. As no intact JWH-018 was detectable, the monohydroxylated metabolite being the most abundant one was chosen as a target analyte for sports drug testing purposes; a detection method was subsequently developed and validated in accordance to conventional screening protocols based on enzymatic hydrolysis, liquid-liquid extraction, and liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The method was applied to approximately 7500 urine doping control samples yielding two JWH-018 findings and demonstrated its capability for a sensitive and selective identification of JWH-018 and its metabolites in human urine.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening for the synthetic cannabinoid JWH‐018 and its major metabolites in human doping controls

Möller

Wintermeyer

Bender

et al. 2010

Drug Testing and Analysis

115

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“…Com base em sua classificação química, podem ser divididos em quatro grupos 3,15 17 . Os receptores CB1 estão localizados em todo o corpo, com maior expressividade no sistema nervoso central (SNC), em regiões como hipocampo, gânglios basais e cerebelo.…”

Section: Canabinoides Sintéticosunclassified

“…A capacidade dos produtores clandestinos em modificar a estrutura sem a perda dos efeitos psicotrópicos do fármaco é o que move o mercado das designer drugs. Além disso, os usuários de drogas populares podem comprá--las sem prescrições médicas ou restrições legais 2,3 .…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Canabinoides sintéticos: drogas de abuso emergentes

Alves¹,

Spaniol²,

Linden³

2012

Rev. psiquiatr. clín.

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ResumoContexto: A Cannabis sativa (cannabis, maconha, marijuana) é uma droga de abuso com efeitos psicoativos e potencial terapêutico bastante conhecidos. Um grande número de canabinoides foi sintetizado na tentativa de excluir ou minimizar os efeitos psicotrópicos e mantendo as aplicações terapêuticas. Os canabinoides sintéticos representam o mais recente avanço das designer drugs. Objetivos: Este trabalho busca trazer informações sobre a utilização de canabinoides sintéticos como drogas de abuso emergentes, principalmente sob a forma de spice ou herbal blends. Métodos: Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica na base de dados PubMed utilizando os descritores de assunto "synthetic cannabinoids", "spice", "legal highs", "herbal blends", "psychosis cannabis" e suas combinações. Resultados: Foram encontrados canabinoides sintéticos nos produtos Spice, confirmando que os incensos herbais realmente surgiram como drogas de abuso emergentes. Conclusão: Não está claro se a utilização de canabinoides sintéticos e de Spice é uma moda passageira ou se irá se estabelecer em nossa sociedade. No entanto, o fenômeno das designer drugs, especialmente canabinoides sintéticos, representa um desafio presente para o sistemas de saúde no mundo globalizado, tornando-se necessária a pesquisa clínica e forense desses produtos.Alves AO, et al. / Rev Psiq Clín. 2012;39(4):142-8 Palavras-chave: Canabinoides sintéticos, Spice, legal highs, incensos herbais, psicose da maconha. AbstractBackground: Cannabis sativa (cannabis, marijuana) is a drug of abuse with well known psychoactive effects and therapeutic potential. A large number of cannabinoids chemically similar to Δ 9 -THC, the main active metabolite of marijuana, were synthesized in an attempt to exclude or minimize the psychotropic effects, maintaining the therapeutic potential. Objectives: The aim of this work was to review of the use of synthetic cannabinoids as emerging drugs of abuse, especially in the form of spice or herbal blends. Methods: A bibliographic search was performed in PubMed employing the terms "synthetic cannabinoids", "spice", "legal highs", "herbal blends", "psychosis cannabis" and cross references. Results: A number of synthetic cannabinoids can be found in Spice products, confirming that herbal incense emerged as new drugs of abuse. Discussion: It is unclear whether the use of synthetic cannabinoids and Spice is a fad or will be established as common practice in our society. However, the phenomenon of designer drugs, especially synthetic cannabinoids, will remain a challenge to health authorities in the globalized world, requiring additional clinical and forensic research.

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“…While these compounds were marketed for nonhuman use, in actuality they were viewed as legal alternatives to marijuana and were usu-ally purchased for the purpose of intoxication [17]. Spice products contain a variety of synthetic cannabinoids and have gained popularity among recreational drug users since the middle of the previous decade [18][19][20]. However, as of March, 2011, the US Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) published a final order in the Federal Register temporarily placing the five most popular synthetic cannabinoids into Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act, thus making sale or possession illegal [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adolescent Exposure of JWH-018 “Spice” Produces Subtle Effects on Learning and Memory Performance in Adulthood

Compton¹,

Seeds²,

Pottash³

et al. 2012

JBBS

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The active components associated with the bio-designer drugs known variously as "Spice" or "K2" have rapidly gained in popularity among recreational users, forcing the United States Drug Enforcement Administration to classify these compounds as Schedule I drugs in the Spring of 2011. However, although there is some information about many of the synthetic cannabinoids used in Spice products, little is known about the consequences of the main constituent, (1-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole; JWH-018), on neuropsychological development or behavior. In the present experiment, adolescent rats were given repeated injections of either saline or 100 μg/kg of JWH-018. Once the animals were 75 days of age, they were trained using tasks with spatial components of various levels of difficulty and a spatial learning set task. On early trials with water maze tasks of varying difficulty, the JWH-018 treated rats were impaired relative to controls. However, by the end of each phase of testing, drug and control animals were comparable, although on probe trials the drug-treated animals spent significantly less time in the target quadrant. In addition, the performance of the drug-treated rats was inferior to that of the control animals on a learning set task, suggesting some difficulty in adapting their responses to changing task demands. The results suggest that chronic exposure to this potent cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist during adolescence is capable of producing a variety of subtle changes affecting spatial learning and memory performance in adulthood, well after the drug exposure period.

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Spice drugs: los cannabinoides como nuevas drogas de diseño

Cited by 31 publications

References 10 publications

Screening for the synthetic cannabinoid JWH‐018 and its major metabolites in human doping controls

Screening for the synthetic cannabinoid JWH‐018 and its major metabolites in human doping controls

Canabinoides sintéticos: drogas de abuso emergentes

Adolescent Exposure of JWH-018 “Spice” Produces Subtle Effects on Learning and Memory Performance in Adulthood

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