“…The sphingoid bases sphingosine and sphinganine were shown to preferentially inhibit breast cancer cells and eliminate stem cells from which most breast cancer cells arise (Ahn, Chang, & Schroeder, 2006). In contrast, sphingosine-1-phosphate has been shown to stimulate cell growth and suppress apoptosis by acting through G-protein coupled receptors present on mammalian cells, thus stimulating cell proliferation, angiogenesis and inhibiting apoptosis (Oskouian & Saba, 2007;Spiegel & Milstien, 2003). The enzyme responsible for sphingosine-1-phosphate synthesis, namely sphingosine kinase 1, behaves as an oncogene in experimental systems (Oskouian & Saba, 2007).…”