Sphero-echinocytosis of human red blood cells caused by snake, red-back spider, bee and blue-ringed octopus venoms and its inhibition by snake sera

Flachsenberger, W.; Leigh, C.; Mirtschin, Peter

doi:10.1016/0041-0101(95)00014-d

Cited by 14 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Thus the bee-venom-induced sphero-echinocytosis was similar to that described previously by Flachsenberger et al (1995). The first six structures were seen to be able to be inter-converted, but once the cells became spherical, and actin aggregation was no longer apparent, haemolysis rapidly ensued.…”

Section: Figuresupporting

confidence: 77%

“…Previous in vitro studies have shown that snake venoms induce sphero-echinocytic transformations at ng/ml concentrations (Arthur et al, 1991;Flachsenberger et al, 1995). Previous in vitro studies have shown that snake venoms induce sphero-echinocytic transformations at ng/ml concentrations (Arthur et al, 1991;Flachsenberger et al, 1995).…”

Section: Snake-venom-induced Systematic Rbc Cell-shape Evolution Priomentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cytoskeletal rearrangements in human red blood cells induced by snake venoms: light microscopy of shapes and NMR studies of membrane function

Yau¹,

Kuchel²,

Koh³

et al. 2012

Cell Biology International

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RBCs (red blood cells) circulating through narrow blood capillaries withstand major deformation. The mechanical and chemical stresses commonly exerted on RBCs continue to attract interest for the study of membrane structure and function. Snake venoms are lethal biochemical 'cocktails' that often contain haemotoxins, metalloproteinases, myotoxins, neurotoxins, phosphodiesterases, phospholipases and proteases. We have monitored the effects of 4 snake venoms (Pseudechis guttatus, Oxyuranus scutellatus, Notechis scutatus and Naja kaouthia) on human RBCs using NMR spectroscopy, DIC (differential interference contrast) and confocal light microscopy. RBCs underwent reproducible stomatocytosis, with unusual geographical-like indentations, spherocytosis, followed by rapid lysis. Confocal micrographs using a fluorescent dye linked to phalloidin showed that the change in morphology was associated with the aggregation of actin in the cytoskeleton. (31)P NMR saturation transfer experiments recorded transport of the univalent anion HPA (hypophosphite) on a subsecond time scale, thereby reporting on the function of capnophorin or Band 3 linked to the cytoskeleton; anion-exchange activity was substantially reduced by venom treatment. We propose a molecular-cytological hypothesis for the shape and functional changes that is different from, or supplementary to, the more 'traditional' bilayer-couple hypothesis more often used to account for similar morphological changes invoked by other reagents.

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Section: Figuresupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Snake-venom-induced Systematic Rbc Cell-shape Evolution Priomentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytoskeletal rearrangements in human red blood cells induced by snake venoms: light microscopy of shapes and NMR studies of membrane function

Yau¹,

Kuchel²,

Koh³

et al. 2012

Cell Biology International

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show abstract

“…Therefore, it is reasonable to speculate that reversed change in BAP suggests that Cerstaes cerastes venom activates the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes. These observations are confirmed by the presence of several activating factors found in snake venom such as phospholipase A 2 and phospholipase C (Condrea and Vries 1963;Flachsenberger et al 1994;Fletcher et al 1991). These investigators were able to extract PL-A 2 from Cobra, Vipra palestinae, and Vipra russelli, but they all emphasized that PL-A 2 lytic capacity was not substantial in hydrolyzing RBCs.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

“…While most investigators (Muszbek and Hauck 1978;Jiang et al 1988;Arthur et al 1990;Fletcher et al 1990;Huang et al 1991;Flachsenberger et al 1994;Petranka et al 1996;Vane 1999) have focused on the hemolytic impacts of envenomation, the mechanism of cell death is poorly explained. At the present time, there is no information with regard to the effects of crude venom on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the associated free radical (FR) production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Increased Antioxidant Potential and Decreased Free Radical Production in Response to Mild Injection of Crude Venom,Cerastes cerastes gasperetti

Al-Sadoon

2008

Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Cerastes cerastes gasperetti crude venom (CCV) on free radical (FR) production and biological antioxidant potential (BAP). Thirty male rats, matched with age and weight, were divided randomly into three groups: control (C), negative control (NC), and experimental (E). Animals in the control group served as control for needlestick and venom injection. Animals in the negative control group, which served as control for venom-induced effects, were injected intraperitoneally (IP) with saline for 8 days, whereas animals of the experimental group were injected IP with crude CCV, at a dose of 1/4 LD(50), for the same period. All animals of the three groups remained under normal laboratory and dietary conditions. Blood samples were collected by heart puncture technique and were analyzed immediately for FRs and BAP. ANOVA analysis indicated a significant difference (p < 0.05) among group means. Tukey-Kramer multiple comparisons showed that FRs increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the NC group, implying that needlestick during injection of saline for 8 days caused internal organ injury sufficient enough to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Surprisingly, there were no significant (p > 0.05) changes in FRs in the E group as compared with the C group, which indicates that CCV counteracted the effects induced by ROS. BAP increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the E group as compared with the NC group, reflecting the activation of some antioxidant enzymes. Linear regression of FRs on BAP was significant (p < 0.05) in both the C and E groups. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the CCV contains biochemical factors that activate antioxidant enzymes, as evident by elevation in the BAP that depresses ROS formation.

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“…Several studies have indicated the effect of PLA 2 s from snake, red-back spider, bee and blue-ringed octopus venoms on erythrocyte shape changes [298][299][300]. It has been proposed that separation of actin from the main cytoskeletal proteins is possibly responsible for the Red Blood Cell (RBC)…”

Section: Possible Role Of Pla 2 In Abnormal Rbc Morphologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution and diversification of the cnidarian venom system

Jouiaei¹

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The phylum Cnidaria (corals, sea pens, sea anemones, jellyfish and hydroids) is the oldest venomous animal lineage (~750 million years old), making it an ideal phylum to understand the origin and diversification of venom. Cnidarians are characterised by specialised cellular structures called cnidae, which they utilise to inject mixtures of bioactive compounds or venom for predation and defence. In recent years cnidarian venoms have begun to be investigated as a potential source of novel bioactive therapeutics. However, in comparison with several venomous lineages that are relatively younger, such as snakes, cone snails and spiders, the diversification and molecular evolutionary regimes of toxins encoded by these fascinating and ancient animals remain poorly understood.The first experimental part of this thesis (Chapter 2) is comprised of the phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary histories of pharmacologically characterised cnidarian toxin families. These include peptide neurotoxins (voltage-gated Na + and K + channel-targeting toxins: NaTxs and KTxs, respectively), pore-forming toxins (actinoporins, aerolysin-related toxins, and jellyfish toxins) and small cysteine-rich peptides (SCRiPs). Our analyses show that most cnidarian toxins remain conserved under the strong influence of negative selection. A deeper analysis of the molecular evolutionary histories of neurotoxins demonstrates that type III KTxs have evolved from NaTxs under the regime of positive selection and likely represent a unique evolutionary innovation of the Actinioidea lineage. We also identify a few functionally important sites in other classes of neurotoxins and pore-forming toxins that experienced episodic adaptation. In addition, we describe the first family of neurotoxic peptides (SCRiPs) in reef-building corals, Acropora millepora, that are likely involved in the envenoming function.The third chapter describes the development of a novel venom extraction technique which is rapid, repeatable and cost effective. This technique involves using ethanol to both induce cnidae discharge and to recover venom contents in one step. Our model species is the notorious Australian box jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri) which has a notable impact on public health. By using the complementary approaches of transcriptomics, proteomics, mass spectrometry, histology, and scanning electron microscopy, this study compares the proteome profile of the new ethanol recovery based method to a previously reported protocol, based upon density purified intact cnidae and pressure induced disruption. This work not only results in the expansion of identified Australian box jellyfish venom components but also illustrates that ethanol extraction method could greatly augment future cnidarian venom proteomics research efforts.The forth chapter is constituted by previously described venom extraction technique, ethanolinduced discharge of cnidae, to rapidly and efficiently characterise venom components of the Jelly Blubber or Blue Blubber Jellyfish, Catostylus mosaicus. By us...

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Sphero-echinocytosis of human red blood cells caused by snake, red-back spider, bee and blue-ringed octopus venoms and its inhibition by snake sera

Cited by 14 publications

References 22 publications

Cytoskeletal rearrangements in human red blood cells induced by snake venoms: light microscopy of shapes and NMR studies of membrane function

Cytoskeletal rearrangements in human red blood cells induced by snake venoms: light microscopy of shapes and NMR studies of membrane function

Increased Antioxidant Potential and Decreased Free Radical Production in Response to Mild Injection of Crude Venom,Cerastes cerastes gasperetti

Evolution and diversification of the cnidarian venom system

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