Sphenisciformes (Penguins)

Wallace, Roberta S.

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-7397-8.00010-4

Cited by 19 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Naïve individuals, such as chicks, juvenile birds and adults that have not had previous exposure to mosquitoes (such as recently wild-caught birds or those raised in an arthropod-free environment), show the highest levels of susceptibility (Beier & Stoskopf, 1980;Dinhopl et al, 2011;Wallace, 2014). The most severe presentation of disease occurs after primary exposure.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The clinical manifestations of malaria infection may not be evident during outbreaks in captive penguins, and it is common to find dead birds without previous sign of disease (Stoskopf & Beier, 1979;Wallace, 2014). Typical signs can include loss of appetite, weight loss, respiratory distress, lethargy, weakness, pale mucous membranes, isolation from the group, vomiting, regurgitation following force-feeding and greenish faeces (Rodhain, 1939;Griner & Sheridan, 1967;Fleischman et al, 1968;Fix et al, 1988;Grim et al, 2003;Bueno et al, 2010;AZA Penguin Taxon Advisory Group, 2014;Campos et al, 2014).…”

Section: Clinical Signsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These clinical signs are non-specific and can also be present in other common diseases reported in penguins. Diseases that can occur alone or concurrently with avian malaria include aspergillosis, West Nile Virus infection, poxviruses, helminthiasis, Chlamydophila psittaci infection and bacterial gastroenteritis involving Clostridium perfringens (Rodhain, 1939;Griner & Sheridan, 1967;Fleischman et al, 1968;Penrith et al, 1994;Graczyk & Cranfield, 1996;Jencek et al, 2012;Wallace, 2014;Vanstreels et al, 2015). As a result, clinical signs are not reliable for the diagnosis of avian malaria in penguins.…”

Section: Clinical Signsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some haematological values have been suggested to be useful markers of malaria infection. Penguins infected with malaria can present with a moderate to severe anaemia, total white blood cell counts greater than 20 × 10 3 /µl and a relative lymphocytosis higher than 60% (Stoskopf & Beier, 1979;Cranfield, 2003;Wallace, 2014). These haematological differences, however, may not be sufficiently consistent or specific to be used as diagnostic criteria for avian malaria (Graczyk et al, 1994d;Cranfield, 2003).…”

Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Malaria in penguins – current perceptions

Grilo

Vanstreels

Wallace³

et al. 2016

Avian Pathology

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Avian malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by protozoans of the genus Plasmodium, and it is considered one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in captive penguins, both in zoological gardens and rehabilitation centres. Penguins are known to be highly susceptible to this disease, and outbreaks have been associated with mortality as high as 50-80% of affected captive populations within a few weeks. The disease has also been reported in wild penguin populations, however, its impacts on the health and fitness of penguins in the wild is not clear. This review provides an overview of the aetiology, life cycle and epidemiology of avian malaria, and provides details on the strategies that can be employed for the diagnostic, treatment and prevention of this disease in captive penguins, discussing possible directions for future research.

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Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clinical Signsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clinical Signsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Malaria in penguins – current perceptions

Grilo

Vanstreels

Wallace³

et al. 2016

Avian Pathology

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“…Penguins are aquatic, flightless birds that live in the southern hemisphere, from the tropical Galápagos Islands to Antarctica (Wallace, ). Penguins are currently classified into 18 species that belong to six genera, Aptenodytes , Pygoscelis , Eudyptes , Megadyptes , Eudyptula , and Spheniscus (Wallace, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of biological factors on hematological and serum biochemistry values in captive Adélie, Chinstrap, Gentoo, and Macaroni penguins in Pingtung, Taiwan

et al. 2018

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Hematology and serum biochemistry reference values are essential for health evaluation and disease diagnosis in penguins. However, there are currently no published physiological values for captive Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae) and Chinstrap penguins (P. antarcticus), nor for wild or captive Macaroni penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus). The present study is the first investigation regarding hematology and serum biochemistry reference values for captive Adélie, Gentoo (P. papua), Chinstrap, and Macaroni penguins in Asia. Fixed effect models for repeated measure were applied to determine the influence of penguin species, age, gender, and age-gender interaction on each blood parameter. Hematology and serum biochemical data from 122 apparently healthy penguins (24 Adélie, 38 Chinstrap, 46 Gentoo, and 14 Macaroni) were collected between 2009 and 2014. The effects of penguin species were observed for most blood parameters, except total bilirubin, creatine kinase (CK), creatinine, and potassium ion (K ). Values of mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), heterophil, ratio of heterophils to lymphocytes (H/L), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and chloride ion (Cl ) had significant positive correlation with age, while significant negative correlation with age was observed in total red blood cells (RBCs), lymphocytes, thrombocytes, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), CK, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and plasma iron. Compared to male penguins, females had lower mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) but higher calcium ion (Ca ) values. As for age-gender interaction, significant positive correlation was shown in MCHC and K , and the reverse was true in H/L ratio.

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Anaesthesia of a little blue penguin (Eudyptula minor) for magnetic resonance imaging

Daly,

McFadzean,

Tucker

2023

Vet Record Case Reports

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A 2‐year‐old, male, entire Eudyptula minor, kept in a colony of little penguins, started displaying neurological signs, including stumbling, shaking and ear scratching. Several treatment trials proved unsuccessful, and previous computed tomography failed to yield images of diagnostic quality. Due to the ongoing progression of the disease, the penguin was presented for general anaesthesia for magnetic resonance imaging. On presentation, a full neurological examination was conducted, the abnormalities were localised to vestibular apparatus or cerebellum, with a top differential diagnosis of bilateral otitis interna. The patient was scheduled for general anaesthesia to facilitate magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. There are limited reported data on anaesthesia of little penguins. When anaesthetising this species, there are multiple pre‐anaesthetic considerations: fasting period, availability of suitable monitoring, the presence of a tracheal septum, positioning of the patient, challenging intravenous access and complications such as alterations in normal body temperature and environmental temperature.

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Sphenisciformes (Penguins)

Cited by 19 publications

References 29 publications

Malaria in penguins – current perceptions

Malaria in penguins – current perceptions

Influence of biological factors on hematological and serum biochemistry values in captive Adélie, Chinstrap, Gentoo, and Macaroni penguins in Pingtung, Taiwan

Anaesthesia of a little blue penguin (Eudyptula minor) for magnetic resonance imaging

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