Sphaeromyxa artedielli sp. n. (Myxozoa: Sphaeromyxidae), a parasite of sculpins (Cottidae) in northern Norway

Abstract

FoliA PArAsitologicA 60 [5]: [425][426][427][428][429][430][431][432] 2013 issN 0015-5683 (print), issN 1803-6465 (online) © institute of Parasitology, Biology centre Ascr http://folia.paru.cas.cz/ Address for correspondence: E. Karlsbakk, institute of Marine research, Po Box 1870, Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway. Phone: +47 55236362; Fax: +47 55238531; E-mail: egil.karlsbakk@imr.no the genus Sphaeromyxa thélohan, 1892 currently contains 46 species, which are coelozoic parasites in the bile ducts and gall bladder of marine fishes. Most species produce a large number of spores in very large flat plasmodia (up to 22 mm in diameter). the spores contain two polar capsules, one at each spore end. these contain a polar filament, which is thick when extruded, broad at the base and tapering towards the ends. the polar filament in Sphaeromyxa spp. is folded upon itself several times inside the polar capsule, whereas it is thin and coiled in other myxosporeans (lom and Dyková 2006). Different Sphaeromyxa spp. produce spores of two main types: either straight fusiform spores with oval polar capsules and usually truncate ends, or arcuate spores with pyriform polar capsules that usually have rounded spore ends. laird (1953) referred to these as members of the 'balbianii' and 'incurvata' groups, respectively. separation of the species in these two groups is also supported by phylogenetic studies (Kristmundsson and Freeman 2013, Whipps andFont 2013).During a survey on myxosporean diversity of Norwegian marine fishes, infections with a Sphaeromyxa species belonging to the 'balbianii' group were discovered in two sculpin species caught in relatively deep waters in northern Norway. this species was found to be new to science and is described below. MaterialS and MethodSthe marine sculpins Artediellus atlanticus Jordan et Evermann and Triglops murrayi günther were collected by bottom trawl during a research cruise along the coast of northern Norway with rV 'Helmer Hanssen' from 17 october to 12 November 2011 (table 1). the sculpins were immediately examined post capture. Fresh bile samples were examined in a microscope (olympus cX41) equipped with a digital camera (olympus sc30) and digital image series of the spores and plasmodia were taken. Plasmodia and spore measurements were taken from the images using the image J software. Air dried smears were kept from infected samples; these were stained with Hemacolor® (Merck Millipore, Billerica, MA

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“…The spore measurements of S. sevastopoli in our material from rusty blenny correspond well in spore and polar capsule dimensions to those reported original description from monkey goby (Naidenova, 1970). A very large, up to 2x4 mm in diameter, plasmodium (Karlsbakk et al, 2013) seems to be a common for this parasite species and it was also the case in our material.…”

“…The identification of myxozoans is based primarily on spore morphology (Lom and Arthur, 1989;Lom et al, 1997) or intracellularly (Lom and Dykova, 2006). There has been extensive studies on myxosporeans and a total of 856 species belonging to the genus Myxobolus Bütschli, 1882 (Eiras et al, 2005(Eiras et al, , 2014, 232 nominal species belonging to the genus Myxidium Bütschli, 1882 (see Eiras et al, 2011 for details), 12 species belonging to the genus Ortholinea Shulman, 1962 (Lom and Dykova, 2006;Abdel-Ghaffar et al, 2008), 24 species belonging to the genus Sinuolinea Davis, 1917 (El-Matbouli andHoffmann, 1994;Zhao and Song, 2001;Lom and Dykova, 2006; https://insects.tamu.edu/research/collection/hallan/ Myxozoa/Family/Sinuolineidae.txt) and 46 species belonging to the genus Sphaeromyxa Thélohan, 1892 (Lom and Dykova, 2006;Karlsbakk et al, 2013) have been reported from all over the world. Thus far, a total of 63 myxosporean, including 7 species of Myxidium, 10 species of Myxobolus, 5 species of Sphaeromyxa, 2 species of Ortholinea and 1 species of Sinuolinea, have been reported from Ukrainian, Russian and Georgian coasts of the Black Sea (Yurakhno, 2009 (Altunel, 1983;Özer, 2003;Umur et al, 2010;Özak et al, 2012;Özer and Öztürk, 2011;Özer et al, 2012Pekmezci et al, 2014).…”

Morphology and phylogeny of two new species of Sphaeromyxa Thélohan, 1892 (Cnidaria: Myxozoa) from marine fish (Clinidae and Trachichthyidae)

“…This morphology-based grouping was supported by recent phylogenetic analyses of molecular data where a monophyletic Sphaeromyxa clade groups the members with zig-zag folded polar filament further clustering within the 'balbianii' or 'incurvata' subclade (Karlsbakk et al 2013;Kristmundsson and Freeman, 2013;Whipps and Font, 2013). Some authors even proposed the establishment of two different genera for members of the two groups (Karlsbakk et al 2013).…”

“…The marine genus Sphaeromyxa Thélohan, 1892 (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) comprises almost 50 nominal species, all of which parasitize the hepatic biliary systems of their fish hosts typically occupying the gall bladder (Lom and Dyková, 2006; Karlsbakk et al 2013; Kristmundsson and Freeman, 2013; Whipps and Font, 2013). A number of sphaeromyxids are known to have low host specificity and a wide geographic distribution (Lom, 2004; Kristmundsson and Freeman, 2013).…”

“…mostly includes species that infect the gall bladders of freshwater hosts but with some from marine and exceptionally from terrestrial hosts (Fiala, 2006; Kristmundsson and Freeman, 2013). Sphaeromyxa species further divide into two morphologically distinct groups, (i) the ‘ balbianii ’ group with straight or slightly curved fusiform or ovoid spores, usually truncate spore ends and ovoid polar capsules and (ii) the ‘ incurvata ’ group with arcuate spores, twisted valves, usually rounded spore ends and pyriform polar capsules (Laird, 1953; Karlsbakk et al 2013). This morphology-based grouping was supported by recent phylogenetic analyses of molecular data where a monophyletic Sphaeromyxa clade groups the members with zig-zag folded polar filament further clustering within the ‘ balbianii ’ or ‘ incurvata ’ subclade (Karlsbakk et al 2013; Kristmundsson and Freeman, 2013; Whipps and Font, 2013).…”