Spexin: Its role, regulation, and therapeutic potential in the hypothalamus

Tran, Andy; He, Wenyuan; Chen, Jim T. C.; Belsham, Denise D.

doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108033

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 125 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…GAL and other peptides (GAL message-associated peptide (GMAP), GAL-like peptide (GALP), alarin) belong to the GAL family of peptides. In addition, the peptide spexin (neuropeptide Q, 14 amino acids) is the most recently discovered member of this family; spexin has been shown to be involved in reproduction, nociception, renal function and energy homeostasis [ 21 ]. GALP, an endogenous ligand that activates the three known types of GALRs, was isolated from the porcine hypothalamus, contains 60 amino acids and is involved in reproduction and energy homeostasis [ 22 , 23 ].…”

Section: The Galaninergic System: Galanin and Its Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Galaninergic System: A Target for Cancer Treatment

Sánchez

Coveñas

2022

Cancers

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The aim of this review is to show the involvement of the galaninergic system in neuroendocrine (phaeochromocytomas, insulinomas, neuroblastic tumors, pituitary tumors, small-cell lung cancer) and non-neuroendocrine (gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, glioma) tumors. The galaninergic system is involved in tumorigenesis, invasion/migration of tumor cells and angiogenesis, and this system has been correlated with tumor size/stage/subtypes, metastasis and recurrence rate. In the galaninergic system, epigenetic mechanisms have been related with carcinogenesis and recurrence rate. Galanin (GAL) exerts both proliferative and antiproliferative actions in tumor cells. GAL receptors (GALRs) mediate different signal transduction pathways and actions, depending on the particular G protein involved and the tumor cell type. In general, the activation of GAL1R promoted an antiproliferative effect, whereas the activation of GAL2R induced antiproliferative or proliferative actions. GALRs could be used in certain tumors as therapeutic targets and diagnostic markers for treatment, prognosis and surgical outcome. The current data show the importance of the galaninergic system in the development of certain tumors and suggest future potential clinical antitumor applications using GAL agonists or antagonists.

show abstract

Section: The Galaninergic System: Galanin and Its Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…GAL 3 R promotes the activation of Gαi/αo, blocking AC activity and opening GIRK channels [ 63 , 90 ]. Spexin binds to human GAL 2 / 3 Rs (not to GAL 1 R), exerting a higher potency toward GAL 3 R than GAL [ 21 , 92 ].…”

Section: The Galaninergic System: Galanin and Its Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Galaninergic System: A Target for Cancer Treatment

Sánchez

Coveñas

2022

Cancers

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Therefore, in addition to experimental studies with healthy control groups, longitudinal studies are needed, to further examine changes in peripheral SPX levels over the course of improvements under treatment. Lastly, while studies in animals and humans indicate interrelations between SPX and the reproductive system [ 54 ], we did not assess menstrual status, and the intake of estrogen-containing medications was not an exclusion criterion in our female study population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulating Spexin Is Associated with Body Mass Index and Fat Mass but Not with Physical Activity and Psychological Parameters in Women across a Broad Body Weight Spectrum

Suhs

Stengel

Rudolph

et al. 2022

JCM

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Spexin (SPX) is a novel, widely expressed peptide, with anorexigenic effects demonstrated in animal models and negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI) in humans. It increases locomotor activity in rodents and is elevated in human plasma following exercise. Studies have also shown an effect of stress and anxiety on SPX’s expression in different brain structures in animals. The relationships between plasma SPX and physical activity, body composition, and patient-reported outcomes such as perceived stress, depressiveness, anxiety, and eating behaviors are unknown and were examined in this study over a wide BMI range. A total of 219 female (n = 68 with anorexia nervosa; n = 79 with obesity; n = 72 with normal weight) inpatients were enrolled. Perceived stress (PSQ 20), anxiety (GAD 7), depressiveness (PHQ 9), and eating disorder pathology (EDI 2), as well as BMI, bioimpedance analysis, and accelerometry, were measured cross-sectionally at the beginning of treatment and correlated with plasma SPX levels (measured by ELISA) obtained at the same time. Plasma SPX levels were negatively associated with BMI (r = −0.149, p = 0.027) and body fat mass (r = −0.149, p = 0.04), but did not correlate with perceived stress, anxiety, depressiveness, eating behavior, energy expenditure, and physical activity (p > 0.05). The results replicate the negative correlation of SPX with BMI and fat mass, but do not support the hypothesis that peripheral SPX plays a role in the regulation of stress, depressiveness, anxiety, eating behavior, or physical activity.

show abstract

“…In addition, studies on the reproductive effects of spexin have mainly been carried out in teleosts, and it has been suggested that spexin may play a role at the level of the hypothalamus and pituitary. Moreover, the results in teleosts have not been consistent, and consequently the role of spexin in reproductive activities is unclear (8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Spexin mRNA profile and its response to different photoperiods in Chinese Yangzhou geese (Anas cygnoides)

Liu

Dai

Shao³

et al. 2022

Front. Vet. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Spexin (SPX, NPQ), a novel neuropeptide composed of 14 amino acid residues, is evolutionarily conserved among different species. Spexin has been suggested to have pleiotropic functions in mammals. However, reports on spexin in birds are limited. To clarify the role of spexin in goose reproduction, the spexin gene was cloned and analyzed. Analysis of tissue distribution by RT-PCR showed that the expression of spexin and its two receptors was widespread. During the long photoperiod, the expression levels of spexin in the pituitary and hypothalamus and of GALR2/3 in the pituitary decreased, and the GnRH, LHβ, and FSHβ expression levels increased significantly. This suggests that a long photoperiod regulates reproductive activities by activating the gonadotrope-axis, which is modulated by decreased spexin levels.

show abstract

Spexin: Its role, regulation, and therapeutic potential in the hypothalamus

Cited by 18 publications

References 125 publications

The Galaninergic System: A Target for Cancer Treatment

The Galaninergic System: A Target for Cancer Treatment

Circulating Spexin Is Associated with Body Mass Index and Fat Mass but Not with Physical Activity and Psychological Parameters in Women across a Broad Body Weight Spectrum

Spexin mRNA profile and its response to different photoperiods in Chinese Yangzhou geese (Anas cygnoides)

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About