Spent mushroom substrate: a crucial biosorbent for the removal of ferrous iron from groundwater

Abstract

A new approach was carried out with the spent mushroom substrate (SMS) of Pleurotus florida on ferrous iron (Fe2+) removal using live, dead and pretreated substrate. In this study, the various dosage levels of SMS namely, 0.25, 0.50, 1.0 and 1.50 g/50 mL were used for the removal of Fe2+ at different time intervals for 90 min. The effect of various temperatures and pH on Fe2+ removal was studied with optimized dosages and time intervals. The biosorption potential of P. florida SMS was checked against the iron-contaminated groundwater collected from in and around Salem, Namakkal and Dharmapuri districts of Tamil Nadu. The biosorption data were obtained and analyzed in terms of their kinetic behavior. Among the SMS of P. florida, the live SMS showed potential Fe2+ removal (100%) from aqueous metal solution in all the tested concentrations. SMS of P. florida showed high potential removal of Fe2+ in neutral pH, at room temperature and explored an efficient sorption ability (100%) in the tested water sample (SW10). The adsorption kinetic values fitted very well with pseudo-second-order when comparing with pseudo-first-order reaction. FTIR, SEM and EDX analysis proved the accumulation of Fe2+ by the SMS. The present study confirmed that the live SMS of P. florida may serve as a potential and eco-friendly biosorbent for removal of Fe2+ from the iron-contaminated water. Graphic abstract

Recent advances on environmentally sustainable valorization of spent mushroom substrate: A review

“…With the exception of Cr and Pb, which favor a high pH of roughly 13, the majority of metal ions may be successfully eliminated at a pH that is close to neutral. 53 Petroleum hydrocarbons, which comprise asphaltene, saturated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons (including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs), aromatic hydrocarbons (including PAHs) and colloids, are the four main categories of persistent organic pollutants and are carcinogenic, mutagenic and toxic, as a result of the expansion of crude oil exploration owing to rising energy demand. Additionally, the US Environmental Protection Agency has designated 16 PAHs as High Priority Pollutants, often known as 16 Priority PAHs.…”

“…The pH of the medium, which influences metal solubility and the ionization state of the extracellular cell wall of a fungus, is negatively charged with functional groups (phosphate groups, amino and carboxylate), which is widely considered to have a considerable impact on SMS heavy metal reduction. With the exception of Cr and Pb, which favor a high pH of roughly 13, the majority of metal ions may be successfully eliminated at a pH that is close to neutral 53 …”

Spent Mushroom Substrate Hydrolysis and Utilization as Potential Alternative Feedstock for Anaerobic Co-Digestion

“…The SMS has been reused for various purposes, such as bioremediation of air, water, and soil contaminants, to manage plant diseases and reduce the effect of pesticides, as mulch, for growing crops (greenhouse and nursery crops, even as a substrate for mushroom reclamation), as feed for livestock, for enzymes’ recovery and also as an alternative renewable carbon source for fermentation and bioenergy production [ 4 , 23 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. In most cases the use of SMS requires physical (grinding, hot water, microwave, wet oxidation, ammonia fiber expansion, supercritical CO 2 explosion, steam explosion, hydrothermal process), chemical (acid or alkaline hydrolysis, ozonolysis, ionic liquid or organic solvent pretreatment) or biological (microbial or enzymatic) treatment, or a combination of these processes [ 4 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 ].…”