Spend Analysis and Specification Development Using Failure Interpretation

Holloway, Michael D.

doi:10.1201/b10732

Cited by 2 publications

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“…Metallurgists have been including nanoscale particles into metals for thousands of years: for example, the strengthening of samurai swords used fine oxide particles as dispersion strengtheners. 1 The fundamental basis for the strengthening of metals by nanoscale particles to impede the movement of dislocations was described by Orowan's strengthening theory in the 1930s. 2 More recently, there has been an interest in developing steels with a nanoscale grain structure, so called nanocrystalline steels, primarily due to the achievement of significantly enhanced strength and hardness.…”

Section: Nanocrystalline and Nanostructured Steelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nanocrystalline and Nanostructured Steelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modern steels at atomic and nanometre scales

Caballero

García‐Mateo

Miller

2015

Materials Science and Technology

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Processing bulk nanocrystalline materials for structural applications still poses a significant challenge, particularly in achieving an industrially viable process. Recent work in ferritic steels has proved that it is possible to move from ultrafine to nanoscale by exploiting the bainite reaction without the use of severe deformation, rapid heat treatment or mechanical processing. This new generation of steels has been designed in which transformation at low temperature leads to a nanoscale structure consisting of extremely fine, 20-40 nm thick plates of bainitic ferrite and films of retained austenite. A description of the characteristics and significance of this remarkable microstructure is provided here. This paper is part of a special issue on … Nanocrystalline and nanostructured steelsThe term nanometallurgy is generally reserved for the creation of new properties that rely on the deliberate use of nanoscale features and alloying. Metallurgists have been including nanoscale particles into metals for thousands of years: for example, the strengthening of samurai swords used fine oxide particles as dispersion strengtheners. 1 The fundamental basis for the strengthening of metals by nanoscale particles to impede the movement of dislocations was described by Orowan's strengthening theory in the 1930s. 2 More recently, there has been an interest in developing steels with a nanoscale grain structure, so called nanocrystalline steels, primarily due to the achievement of significantly enhanced strength and hardness. A nanocrystalline steel is defined as a metallic material in which at least one internal length scale is smaller than 100 nm. They contain an exceptionally large density of interfaces, rather than only a minor fraction of features, such as precipitates, which are small in size. The desire for such materials in the engineering context comes from the expectation of novel mechanical properties, particularly the stress that can safely be tolerated in service.By contrast, nanostructured metallic materials feature at least one external length scale smaller than 100 nm. With various levels of geometric complexity, this encompasses thin films, nanowires, nanorods and nanoparticles, all of which have potential uses in nanoelectronics and nanoelectromechanical systems. The strength of crystals increases sharply as they are made smaller. This is because the chances of avoiding defects become greater as the volume of the specimen decreases. For ferritic iron, it follows that the values of tensile and shear strengths in the absence of defects should be 21 and 11 GPa respectively. In fact, tensile strengths approaching theoretical values were achieved by Brenner as long ago as 1956 during testing iron whiskers that were y0?2 mm in diameter. 3,4 Processing nanocrystalline steelsThe method for manufacturing bulk nanocrystalline steels is to introduce large numbers of defects, such as interfaces or dislocations, which interfere with the ordinary mechanisms of slip or twinning. The defects can be introduced by deformation....

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Section: Nanocrystalline and Nanostructured Steelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nanocrystalline and Nanostructured Steelsmentioning

confidence: 99%