Speed of sound measurements in liquid methane (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" altimg="si52.svg"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">CH</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>) at cryogenic temperatures between (130 and 162) K and at pressures up to 10 MPa

Cavuoto, Giuseppe; Lago, S.; Albo, P. A. Giuliano; Serazio, D.

doi:10.1016/j.jct.2019.106007

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Though the speed of sound measurements obtained in this work and those of Cavuoto et al [5] showed good agreement for temperature down to 140 K, at lower temperature, consistency of the measurements was not good as expected. In fact, that first work aimed to test materials and measurements procedures for temperatures between (130 and 162) K and pressures up to 10 MPa and the results showed deviations of up to 1.5 % from the values predicted by the equations of state for temperatures below 140 K.…”

Section: Ultrasonic Cell Improvementcontrasting

confidence: 45%

“…while the corrected speed of sound w is evaluated taking into account the corrected acoustic path length, by expression (5), and the corrected time of flight, by expression (6), as reported in the following equation.…”

Section: Diffraction Correctionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The whole apparatus is thermally isolated from the environment by a vacuum chamber, that is evacuated at a pressure of about 5•10 −3 mbar. The experimental apparatus is also deeply described in Cavuoto et al [5] where further details on thermal control and on the measurement procedures are discussed.…”

Section: Experimental Apparatus For Cryogenic Speed Of Sound Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These contributions [11][12][13][14] Demand of investigation of new on-line calibration approaches are particularly persistent in the field of LNG flowmetering in reason of the economic value of the transferred fluid and the limited possibility to calibrate flowmeters at real operating conditions. For this reason, in a first attempt, a speed of sound measurement cell has been built and tested in the temperature range of (130 and 160) K when immersed in liquid methane at pressure up to 10 MPa [5]. That preliminary work showed that the performances of the cell were comparable with the best results available in literature, but they were still not sufficient to consider the sensor suitable as a transfer standard, in particular, at temperatures below 140 K, where the main problem was the limited repeatability of the measurements after tens temperature cycles from cryogenic to ambient conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Towards a new transfer standard for speed of sound measurements in liquids at cryogenic temperatures

2021

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Measurement of fluids flows represents an unparalleled tools for the account of the transferred mass, heat and energy; however, considering the wide ranges of transported fluids flow-rates, temperatures, pressures, viscosity and densities, high accurate calibrations of ultrasonic flowmeters remain demanded.As an alternative to the usual gravimetric calibration, there is a less explored possibility to provide the traceability of the measurement through the speed of sound.In this work an ultrasonic sensor, which operates on the basis of the double pulse-echo technique is presented. This sensor is capable to provide measurements of speed of sound, fully traceable to units of length and time. Moreover, it has been optimized to operate when set both into a laboratory thermostat and into industrial plants using spools like DN50, or larger, in order to be adopted as a transfer standard for flow rate measurements. The concept behind this idea is the possibility of characterising the ultrasonic cell, namely the velocity meter, in a controlled temperature and pressure conditions in a laboratory environment. Thereafter, it is possible to connect the sensor directly to the natural gas distribution lines, nearby the industrial ultrasonic flow meters, normally used to monitor the LNG flow. This procedure would bring the significant benefit of enabling industrial flowmeters to be calibrated without the need for prior knowledge of the composition of the fluid under test, as well as avoiding the shutdown or removal of flowmeters during their calibration.The sensor has been tested and characterized performing measurements in liquid methane in the temperature range of (100 and 162) K and for pressure up to 10 MPa. The expanded relative uncertainty of the obtained speed of sound, w is U r (w) = 0.15 % (k = 2) for temperature below 130 K and U r (w) = 0.32 % (k = 2) for temperature above 130 K. The obtained values are in agreement with those available in the scientific literature and with the predictions of the Seitzmann and Wagner and GERG equation of state.Along with experimental speed of sound measurements, a deep insight of the procedures adopted to improve the stability of the sensor, the specific corrections applied considering the cryogenic working conditions and a complete analysis of the uncertainty affecting the obtained results is also discussed.

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Section: Ultrasonic Cell Improvementcontrasting

confidence: 45%

Section: Diffraction Correctionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Apparatus For Cryogenic Speed Of Sound Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Towards a new transfer standard for speed of sound measurements in liquids at cryogenic temperatures

2021

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“…Among the most important process design and optimization properties, one can point to for example, the isentropic and isothermal compressibilities, heat capacities, and thermal conductivities of DESs. This issue is highlighted when considering that DESs are designer solvents, for which most of the thermophysical properties of the newly introduced and upcoming DESs are unknown [25,26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Global Model for the Estimation of Speeds of Sound in Deep Eutectic Solvents

et al. 2020

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Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are newly introduced green solvents that have attracted much attention regarding fundamentals and applications. Of the problems along the way of replacing a common solvent by a DES, is the lack of information on the thermophysical properties of DESs. This is even more accentuated by considering the dramatically growing number of DESs, being made by the combination of vast numbers of the constituting substances, and at their various molar ratios. The speed of sound is among the properties that can be used to estimate other important thermodynamic properties. In this work, a global and accurate model is proposed and used to estimate the speed of sound in 39 different DESs. This is the first general speed of sound model for DESs. The model does not require any thermodynamic properties other than the critical properties of the DESs, which are themselves calculated by group contribution methods, and in doing so, make the proposed method entirely independent of any experimental data as input. The results indicated that the average absolute relative deviation percentages (AARD%) of this model for 420 experimental data is only 5.4%. Accordingly, based on the achieved results, the proposed model can be used to predict the speeds of sound of DESs.

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High-speed density measurement for LNG and other cryogenic fluids using electrical capacitance tomography

et al. 2021

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Speed of sound measurements in liquid methane (CH4) at cryogenic temperatures between (130 and 162) K and at pressures up to 10 MPa

Cited by 7 publications

References 16 publications

Towards a new transfer standard for speed of sound measurements in liquids at cryogenic temperatures

Towards a new transfer standard for speed of sound measurements in liquids at cryogenic temperatures

A Global Model for the Estimation of Speeds of Sound in Deep Eutectic Solvents

High-speed density measurement for LNG and other cryogenic fluids using electrical capacitance tomography

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