Speed and surface steepness affect internal tibial loading during running

Rice, Hannah; Kurz, Markus; Mai, Patrick; Robertz, Leon; Bill, Kevin; Derrick, Timothy R.; Willwacher, Steffen

doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2023.03.004

Cited by 8 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(66 reference statements)

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“…This study evaluated the influence of both increased running speed and weight carriage during running on peak tibial loading and cumulative‐weighted tibial impulse per kilometer. The bending moments showed that the anterior tibia was predominantly under tension and the posterior tibia under compression throughout stance, in line with previous findings 32–36,40 . As hypothesized, running at a faster speed increased the peak bending moment at the distal third of the tibia by 4.8% compared to running at a preferred speed.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Bending moments (M BE ) at the distal third of the tibia in the tibial coordinate system were estimated using a customized MATLAB program (MATLAB R2022a, MathWorks). M BE were calculated about the medial‐lateral (ML) axis (i.e., sagittal plane bending contributing to anterior–posterior stress), based on earlier methods 31–35 and using the same calculations as previously described 36 . The resultant M BE is the sum of internal muscular forces and external reaction forces.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of increased running speed and weight carriage on peak and cumulative tibial loading

Rice,

Seynnes,

Werkhausen

2023

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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IntroductionTibial stress injuries are a burdensome injury among military recruits. Military activities include running and the carriage of additional weight, and this may be related to the high risk of bone stress injuries. The aim of this study was to quantify tibial loading when running at two different speeds, with and without additional weight, and to quantify their combined influence.MethodsFourteen male distance runners who ran at least 40 km per week ran barefoot on a force‐instrumented treadmill in four conditions representing preferred running speed (mean (SD) 3.1 (0.3) m/s) and 20% increased running speed (3.8 (0.4) m/s), with and without 20% of body weight carried in a weight vest. Kinematics and kinetics were synchronously collected. Bending moments were estimated about the medial‐lateral axis of the tibial centroid located 1/3rd of the length from distal to proximal. Static equilibrium was ensured at each 1% of stance. Peak bending moments were obtained in addition to cumulative‐weighted loading, where weighted loading accounted for the relative importance of the magnitude of the bending moment and the quantity of loading using a bone‐dependent weighting factor.ResultsThere were no interaction effects for running speed and weight carriage on peak or cumulative tibial loading. Running at a 20% faster speed increased peak and cumulative loading per kilometer by 8.0% (p < 0.001) and 4.8% (p < 0.001), respectively. Carriage of an additional 20% of body weight increased peak and cumulative loading per kilometer by 6.6% (p < 0.001) and 8.5% (p < 0.001), respectively.InterpretationIncreasing the physical demand of running by increasing speed or weight carriage increased peak tibial loading and cumulative tibial loading per kilometer, and this may increase the risk of tibial stress injury. Running speed and weight carriage independently influenced tibial loading.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of increased running speed and weight carriage on peak and cumulative tibial loading

Rice,

Seynnes,

Werkhausen

2023

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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“…Competitive runners ran with a step length that was 30% longer than recreational runners when normalized to height and 34% longer in absolute terms (CR: 1.67 (0.12) m versus RR: 1.25 (0.07) m). stance, whilst the posterior tibia was predominantly under compression, in line with earlier findings (Baggaley et al, 2021;Derrick et al, 2016;Meardon et al, 2014Meardon et al, , 2015Rice et al, 2019Rice et al, , 2023Yang et al, 2014). As hypothesized, the competitive runners experienced greater peak tibial bending moments than the recreational runners.…”

Section: Spatial-temporal Variablessupporting

confidence: 88%

“…The group of competitive runners (CR) included distance runners (n = 11; age 24.7 � 3.8 years; height 1.82 � 0.06 m; and mass 73.0 � 7.9 kg) with a self-reported season-best faster than 37:30 min in a 10 km run. A power calculation in G*Power 3.1.9.7 (Faul et al, 2007) suggested this sample size was suitable based on previous values of peak bending moments at the tibia when running at slower and faster speeds (Rice et al, 2023), with a power of 0.8. Participants signed written informed consent before taking part.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tibial loading and damage accumulation in recreational and competitive male runners during a demanding 10 km run

Rice,

Mai,

Sanno

et al. 2024

European Journal of Sport Science

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Tibial stress injuries are problematic among runners. The loading magnitude is the most important mechanical contributor to bone damage accumulation, but loading quantity is also important, and faster runners require fewer loading cycles to complete a given distance than slower runners. This study estimated tibial loading and damage accumulation throughout a demanding 10‐km run in recreational (RR) and competitive runners (CR). Male runners reporting a 10‐km season‐best run slower than 47:30 min (RR) or faster than 37:30 min (CR) completed a 10‐km treadmill running protocol at 105% of their season's best time. Tibial loading was estimated from bending moments at the distal 1/3rd of the tibia by ensuring static equilibrium at each 1% of stance. Peak loading was obtained, and cumulative damage per kilometer was estimated using a tissue‐dependent weighting factor. Peak tibial loading and damage accumulation per kilometer significantly decreased throughout the run, by 5% and 4%, respectively. Peak loading was significantly higher (31%) in CR than RR, and there was an indication (p = 0.058 and large effect size) of a greater rate of damage accumulation in CR than RR. Tibial loading per step and the rate of accumulation per kilometer decreased throughout a demanding 10‐km run suggesting that changes in running mechanics as a result of prolonged running may not be a primary mechanism for stress injury development. Competitive runners experience greater peak tibial loading and possibly greater cumulative tibial damage when they complete 10 km faster than recreational runners.

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“…Understanding how loading on common running injury locations changes across different running speeds, surface gradients, and step frequencies may inform training programs and help guide progression and rehabilitation after injuries. Although several studies have investigated patellofemoral, [8][9][10][11] tibial, [12][13][14][15] and Achilles tendon 8,16 loading with changes in speed, 8,[11][12][13][14]16 surface gradient, 13,15 or different running styles (e.g., higher and lower step frequency), 9,10 the different methodologies such as the biomechanical modeling approach, and expressions of tissue load per-step or as cumulative load, makes direct comparisons of the tissue loads between studies and thus conditions difficult. This in turn also impairs the ability to use these findings to provide training recommendations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Per‐step and cumulative load at three common running injury locations: The effect of speed, surface gradient, and cadence

Van Hooren,

van Rengs,

Meijer

2024

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Understanding how loading and damage on common running injury locations changes across speeds, surface gradients, and step frequencies may inform training programs and help guide progression/rehabilitation after injuries. However, research investigating tissue loading and damage in running is limited and fragmented across different studies, thereby impairing comparison between conditions and injury locations. This study examined per‐step peak load and impulse, cumulative impulse, and cumulative weighted impulse (hereafter referred to as cumulative damage) on three common injury locations (patellofemoral joint, tibia, and Achilles tendon) across different speeds, surface gradients, and cadences. We also explored how cumulative damage in the different tissues changed across conditions relative to each other. Nineteen runners ran at five speeds (2.78, 3.0, 3.33, 4.0, 5.0 m s−1), and four gradients (−6, −3, +3, +6°), and three cadences (preferred, ±10 steps min−1) each at one speed. Patellofemoral, tibial, and Achilles tendon loading and damage were estimated from kinematic and kinetic data and compared between conditions using a linear mixed model. Increases in running speed increased patellofemoral cumulative damage, with nonsignificant increases for the tibia and Achilles tendon. Increases in cadence reduced damage to all tissues. Uphill running increased tibial and Achilles tendon, but decreased patellofemoral damage, while downhill running showed the reverse pattern. Per‐step and cumulative loading, and cumulative loading and cumulative damage indices diverged across conditions. Moreover, changes in running speed, surface gradient, and step frequency lead to disproportional changes in relative cumulative damage on different structures. Methodological and practical implications for researchers and practitioners are discussed.

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Speed and surface steepness affect internal tibial loading during running

Cited by 8 publications

References 34 publications

Effect of increased running speed and weight carriage on peak and cumulative tibial loading

Effect of increased running speed and weight carriage on peak and cumulative tibial loading

Tibial loading and damage accumulation in recreational and competitive male runners during a demanding 10 km run

Per‐step and cumulative load at three common running injury locations: The effect of speed, surface gradient, and cadence

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