Speed and reaction behavior in different highway landscapes: A driving simulator study

The influence of landscape intervention used as an alertness maintaining ‘tool’ on driving behaviour

“…Enclosure degrees were divided into semi‐open (Figure 5a) and fully open (Figure 5b) based on the research results of Zheng [17], as shown in Figure 5: semi‐open 1/4<H/D<1/3 fully open H/D≤1/4 …”

“…The spatial pattern is a three-dimensional concept :stereoscopic dimension is perpendicular to the road surface; vertical dimension is parallel to the direction of the road (Figure 1); horizontal dimension is perpendicular to the direction of the road (Figure 1). In the stereoscopic dimension, Zheng et al found that the emergency time and average speed decreased with the increase of enclosure [17,18]. Moreover, a survey of traffic calming activities in Minnesota shows that once vegetation is removed, the sense…”

“…The landscape graphic shape is divided into straight (Figure 4a) and chevron (Figure 4b and c), as shown in Figure 4. Enclosure degrees were divided into semi-open (Figure 5a) and fully open (Figure 5b) based on the research results of Zheng [17], as shown in Figure 5 [11,14]. Therefore, there is no need to study a fully open straight landscape (S5).…”

“…In the stereoscopic dimension, Zheng et al . found that the emergency time and average speed decreased with the increase of enclosure [17,18]. Moreover, a survey of traffic calming activities in Minnesota shows that once vegetation is removed, the sense of closure will disappear, and drivers will respond by increasing driving speed [19]; In the vertical dimension (Figure 1), Zhao et al .…”

“…Zheng et al . find speed decreases with the increase of the enclosure degree [17,18]. The enclosure degree is divided into semi‐open and fully open in this study.…”