Speech-motor and linguistic skills of young stutterers prior to onset

Abstract

Theorists have increasingly suggested that both speech-motor and linguistic factors are involved in the etiology of stuttering. This contention has been supported by findings that tend to indicate that youngsters who stutter have a slower speech rate and are less linguistically skilled than nonstutterers. However, no inferences can be drawn from these findings as to the nature or the causation of this disorder. This is because the aforementioned findings might be a result rather than a cause of the disorder. In order to clarify the directionality issue, a multi-year prospective study was undertaken that involved 93 preschool children with a parental history of stuttering.At the initial session, none of the high-risk children sampled was regarded as having a stuttering problem. One year later, 26 children were classified as stutterers. Statistical analyses revealed that prior to the onset of stuttering these children did not differ from the other youngsters studied with respect to either their receptive or expressive language abilities. However, their rate of articulation was significantly faster. The latter finding is taken to mean that the children who developed stuttering were not limited in speechmotor ability. Rather, their fluency failures are seen as a result of a relatively high articulation rate. It is noteworthy, in this regard, that the rate of the high-risk children who continued to be viewed as nonstutterers was slower than that previously reported for youngsters of their age. This suggests that the slower rate served as a buffer against fluency breakdown.

Genetic studies of stuttering in a founder population

“…The male-to-female ratio of the 40 genotyped individuals who have ever stuttered is 1.5:1, which is consistent with some previous estimates of the sex ratio close to onset (1.6:1 in Kloth, Janssen, Kraaimaat, & Brutten, 1995;1.65:1 in Mansson, 2000), although lower than others (2.1:1 in Yairi & Ambrose, 2005), and considerably lower than the 3 or 4 to 1 reported for adults (Bloodstein, 1995).…”

Predicting Language at 2 Years of Age: A Prospective Community Study

“…The task force concluded that the role of these risk factors in screening was unclear and that a list of risk factors had not been developed or tested for selective screening for speech and language delay. 7 Only 4 [8][9][10][11] of the 16 studies reviewed by the USPSTF 7 considered risk factors in children who were Յ24 months of age. Of these 4, 1 focused solely on stuttering, 9 and the remaining 3 differed markedly in the speech and language domains studied and in the derivation and composition of the samples.…”

“…7 Only 4 [8][9][10][11] of the 16 studies reviewed by the USPSTF 7 considered risk factors in children who were Յ24 months of age. Of these 4, 1 focused solely on stuttering, 9 and the remaining 3 differed markedly in the speech and language domains studied and in the derivation and composition of the samples. Surprisingly, none investigated the contribution of gender, SES, birth order, perinatal factors, or parental education.…”

Communicative behavior of mothers of stuttering and nonstuttering high-risk children prior to the onset of stuttering

“…Both their pediatrician and their parents reported them to have normal intelligence and to be normally developing children. All of the participating children had demonstrated that they functioned within age-related normal range for receptive and expressive language (Kloth et al, 1995). And, each of the participating children passed a pure-tone audio metrie hearing screening test.…”