Spectrum Handoff based on Imperfect Channel State Prediction Probabilities with Collision Reduction in Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks

Shakeel, Atif; Hussain, Riaz; Iqbal, Adeel; Khan, Irfan Latif; Hasan, Qadeer Ul; Malik, Shahzad A.

doi:10.3390/s19214741

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…To minimize searching delays, it is ideal to do a limited number of channel searches before moving on to the next available channel. When the inter-sensing interval is minimal, the switching rate of the channels stays high [29,30]. This is because sensing occurs in a relatively small period of time, resulting in significant overhead and increased channel switching.…”

Section: Spectrum Analyzer Specificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Elite-CAM: An Elite Channel Allocation and Mapping for Policy Engine over Cognitive Radio Technology in 5G

Babu

Balakrishnan

Ramana

et al. 2022

Sensors

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The spectrum allocation in any auctioned wireless service primarily depends upon the necessity and the usage of licensed primary users (PUs) of a certain band of frequencies. These frequencies are utilized by the PUs as per their needs and requirements. When the allocated spectrum is not being utilized in the full efficient manner, the unused spectrum is treated by the PUs as white space without believing much in the concept of spectrum scarcity. There are techniques invented and incorporated by many researchers, such as cognitive radio technology, which involves software-defined radio with reconfigurable antennas tuned to particular frequencies at different times. Cognitive radio (CR) technology realizes the logic of the utility factor of the PUs and the requirements of the secondary users (SU) who are in queue to utilize the unused spectrum, which is the white space. The CR technology is enriched with different frequency allocation engines and with different strategies in different parts of the world, complying with the regulatory standards of the FCC and ITU. Based on the frequency allocation made globally, the existing CR technology understands the nuances of static and dynamic spectrum allocation and also embraces the intelligence in time allocation by scheduling the SUs whenever the PUs are not using the spectrum, and when the PUs pitch in the SUs have to leave the band without time. This paper identifies a few of the research gaps existing in the earlier literature. The behavioral aspects of the PUs and SUs have been analyzed for a period of 90 days with some specific spectrum ranges of usage in India. The communal habits of utilizing the spectrum, not utilizing the spectrum as white space, different time zones, the requisites of the SUs, the necessity of the applications, and the improvement of the utility factor of the entire spectrum have been considered along with static and dynamic spectrum usage, the development of the spectrum policy engine aligned with cooperative and opportunistic spectrum sensing, and access techniques indulging in artificial intelligence (AI). This will lead to fine-tuning the PU and SU channel mapping without being hindered by predefined policies. We identify the cognitive radio transmitter and receiver parameters, and resort to the same in a proposed channel adaption algorithm. We also analyze the white spaces offered by spectrum ranges of VHF, GSM-900, and GSM-1800 by a real-time survey with a spectrum analyzer. The identified parameters and white spaces are mapped with the help of a swotting algorithm. A sample policy has been stated for ISM band 2.4 GHz where such policies can be excited in a policy server. The policy engine is suggested to be configured over the 5G CORE spectrum management function.

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Section: Spectrum Analyzer Specificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When the number of SUs rises, the system's total utility drops [30,31]; similarly, when the number of functioning PUs increases, the system's average SU arrival declines. To minimize searching delays, it is ideal to do a limited number of channel searches before moving on to the next available channel.…”

Section: Spectrum Analyzer Specificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elite-CAM: An Elite Channel Allocation and Mapping for Policy Engine over Cognitive Radio Technology in 5G

Babu

Balakrishnan

Ramana

et al. 2022

Sensors

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“…This adversely affects the spectrum utilization. Existing work has shown collisions can be greatly reduced by providing some form of contention-free channel access [18,[34][35][36][37].…”

Section: Wireless Communications and Mobile Computingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self‐Organized Efficient Spectrum Management through Parallel Sensing in Cognitive Radio Network

Rahim

Hussain

Khan

et al. 2021

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

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In this paper, we propose an innovative self-organizing medium access control mechanism for a distributed cognitive radio network (CRN) in which utilization is maximized by minimizing the collisions and missed opportunities. This is achieved by organizing the users of the CRN in a queue through a timer and user ID and providing channel access in an orderly fashion. To efficiently organize the users in a distributed, ad hoc network with less overhead, we reduce the sensing period through parallel sensing wherein the users are divided into different groups and each group is assigned a different portion of the primary spectrum band. This consequently augments the number of discovered spectrum holes which then are maximally utilized through the self-organizing access scheme. The combination of two schemes augments the effective utilization of primary holes to above 95%, even in impasse situations due to heavy primary network loading, thereby achieving higher network throughput than that achieved when each of the two approaches are used in isolation. By efficiently combining parallel sensing with the self-organizing MAC (PSO-MAC), a synergy has been achieved that affords the gains which are more than the sum of the gains achieved through each one of these techniques individually. In an experimental scenario with 50% primary load, the network throughput achieved with combined parallel sensing and self-organizing MAC is 50% higher compared to that of parallel sensing and 37% better than that of self-organizing MAC. These results clearly demonstrate the efficacy of the combined approach in achieving optimum performance in a CRN.

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A Reactive Routing Protocol to Reduce the Number of Channels Switching

Amirbeygi,

Ghazvini,

Abedi

et al. 2024

Wireless Pers Commun

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Spectrum Handoff based on Imperfect Channel State Prediction Probabilities with Collision Reduction in Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks

Cited by 8 publications

References 43 publications

Elite-CAM: An Elite Channel Allocation and Mapping for Policy Engine over Cognitive Radio Technology in 5G

Elite-CAM: An Elite Channel Allocation and Mapping for Policy Engine over Cognitive Radio Technology in 5G

Self‐Organized Efficient Spectrum Management through Parallel Sensing in Cognitive Radio Network

A Reactive Routing Protocol to Reduce the Number of Channels Switching

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