Spectrum Allocation and Reuse in 5G New Radio on Licensed and Unlicensed Millimeter-Wave Bands in Indoor Environments

Abstract

In this paper, by exploiting the frequency-domain, we propose a countrywide millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum allocation and reuse technique to allocate and reuse spatially the countrywide 28 GHz licensed spectrum and 60 GHz unlicensed spectrum to small cells (SCs) on each floor of a building of each Fifth-Generation (5G) New Radio (NR) Mobile Network Operator (MNO) of an arbitrary country. We develop an interference management scheme, model user statistics per SC, and interferer statistics per apartment and formulate the amount of the 28 GHz and 60 GHz spectra per MNO. We derive average capacity, spectral efficiency (SE), energy efficiency (EE), and cost efficiency (CE) when employing the proposed technique, as well as the traditional static licensed spectrum allocation technique. We discuss the implementation of the proposed technique and evaluate the performance under two scenarios, namely, SCs operate only in the 28 GHz in scenario 1, and both 28 GHz and 60 GHz in scenario 2. Extensive results and analyses are carried out for four MNOs, i.e., MNOs 1, 2, 3, and 4, in scenario 1. However, in scenario 2, in addition to MNOs 1, 2, 3, and 4, an incumbent Wireless Gigabit (WiGig) operator is considered. It is shown that the proposed technique with no co-channel interference can improve average capacity, SE, EE, and CE of MNO 1 by 3 times, 1.65 times, 75%, and 60%, respectively, in scenario 1, whereas 6.12 times, 5.104 times, 85.8%, and 83.15%, respectively, in scenario 2. Moreover, with an increase in reuse factors, SE increases linearly and EE increases negative exponentially. Further, we show that the proposed technique can satisfy SE and EE requirements for sixth-generation (6G) mobile systems. Finally, we discuss offered benefits and point out key issues of the proposed technique for further studies.

New 5G Kaiser-Based Windowing to Reduce Out of Band Emission

“…A lot of work has been done to improve the 5G waveforms and reduce the out of band emissions (OOBE) and many of these recent works have been surveyed in [3]. Generally, we can divide these techniques into three types: the techniques represented by Frequency domain, by precoding matrices, and by symbol mapping [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Adaptive symbol transition (AST) [10] is considered one of the time domain techniques where they solve the problem of OOBE by inserting between two-time blocks, but they suffer from spectrum efficiency loss and data-dependent design [10].…”

“…A precoding matrix with different purposes for different approaches is used in [17,18] and suffers from loss in spectral efficiency. Some Symbol mapping techniques include [19][20][21][22]. Multiple choice sequence (MCS) is suggested in [19] where they use multipath streams for selection and have large overhead that causes the spectral efficiency to drop.…”

Coexistence of Cellular and IEEE 802.11 Technologies in Unlicensed Spectrum Bands -A Survey

“…LAA is developed by the 3GPP using the CA-based deployment mode and an LBT-based channel access scheme [33][34]. LTE-U is developed by the LTE-U Forum using the CA-based deployment mode and employing a policy such as the orthogonal transmission of coexisting nodes, mainly in frequency and time domains [35][36][37], with channel access schemes, including fully blank subframes and duty cycles (instead of an LBT) [38]. NR-U is also being developed by the 3GPP with a native feature to operate in unlicensed bands in Release 16 [13] [39].…”

“…Interference due to the coexistence can also be avoided in time, frequency, and power, domains in regions where the enforcement of LBT is not required. In frequency and time domains, the principle of coexistence is based on maintaining the orthogonal transmission of each coexisting node in frequency and time, respectively [35][36][37]. In other words, only one node, i.e.…”

5G technology deployment in Latin America: An analysis of public policy and regulation environment

“…This is in part because, in many countries, segments of this spectrum have already been assigned or are planned to be assigned in the near future for mobile communication purposes [19]. The high spectrum (> 6 GHz), despite having more limited coverage, will be allocated for providing high localized capacity (such as indoor applications) due to the reduced competition for spectral allocation in these frequencies [20].…”