Spectroscopy and Viability of<i>Bacillus subtilis</i>Spores after Ultraviolet Irradiation: Implications for the Detection of Potential Bacterial Life on Europa

Noell, Aaron C.; Ely, Tucker; Bolser, Diana K.; Darrach, Halley; Hodyss, Robert; Johnson, P. V.; Hein, J D; Ponce, Adrian

doi:10.1089/ast.2014.1169

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…McCord and Castillo-Rogez, 2018; McCord and Zambon, 2019; Neveu and Desch, 2015;Villarreal et al, 2017;Vu et al, 2017;Zolotov, 2009 Ion sputtering of the surface; potential water plumes ; O2; trace amounts of sodium and potassium Cassidy et al, 2013;Chyba and Phillips, 2001;Hand and Carlson, 2015;Jones et al, 2018;Kattenhorn and Prockter, 2014;Kimura and Kitadai, 2015;Marion et al, 2005;Martin and McMinn, 2018;McGrath et al, 2009;Muñoz-Iglesias et al, 2013;Noell et al, 2015;Pavlov et al, 2018;Soderlund et al, 2014;Spencer et al, 1999;Teolis et al, 2017;Travis et al, 2012;Vance et al, 2016;Zolotov and Kargel, 2009 Surface (icy shell) -187 --141 nr 0. Potential for wide range q 0.1 -30 r <3.5 Likely contains Mg 2+ , SO4 2-, Na + , Cl -; oxidants and simple organics a -Thermosphere can be as cold as -173ºC (Bertaux et al, 2007); the upper-to-middle cloud layers are between -40-60ºC (Cockell, 1999) b -Acid concentration in upper cloud layer is 81%, in lower layers up to 98% (Cockell, 1999) c -Up to 11 MPa in a deep depression (Basilevsky and Head, 2003) d -Summer air temperatures on Mars near the equator can reach a maximum of 35ºC (Longstaff, 2014) e -Measured by the Phoenix Mars Lander Wet Chemistry Laboratory at the northern plains of the Vastitas Borealis (Hecht et al, 2009) f -Liquid water may have had water activity > 0.95 (Fairén et al, 2009) g -Calculated temperature at a depth of 1-30 km (Sinha2017, Jones2011); at a depth ~310 km, the calculated temperature is <427ºC (Jones 2011); the Martian core has temperature 1527ºC…”

Section: Future Directions and Outlookmentioning

confidence: 99%

Living at the Extremes: Extremophiles and the Limits of Life in a Planetary Context

Merino¹,

Aronson²,

Bojanova³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Prokaryotic life has dominated most of the evolutionary history of our planet, evolving tooccupy virtually all available environmental niches. Extremophiles, especially those thrivingunder multiple extremes, represent a key area of research for multiple disciplines, spanningfrom the study of adaptations to harsh conditions, to the biogeochemical cycling of elements.Extremophile research also has implications for origin of life studies and the search for life onother planetary and celestial bodies. In this article, we will review the current state ofknowledge for the biospace in which life operates on Earth and will discuss it in a planetarycontext, highlighting knowledge gaps and areas of opportunity.

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Section: Future Directions and Outlookmentioning

confidence: 99%

Living at the Extremes: Extremophiles and the Limits of Life in a Planetary Context

Merino¹,

Aronson²,

Bojanova³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…, Horneck, 2000 ; CAREX, 2011a ; MASE, 2014 ) and conditions that simulate those environments ( e.g. , Pogoda de la Vega et al , 2007 ; de Vera et al , 2010 ; Noell et al , 2015 ).…”

Section: Research Topic 4: Life and Habitabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

AstRoMap European Astrobiology Roadmap

et al. 2016

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The European AstRoMap project (supported by the European Commission Seventh Framework Programme) surveyed the state of the art of astrobiology in Europe and beyond and produced the first European roadmap for astrobiology research. In the context of this roadmap, astrobiology is understood as the study of the origin, evolution, and distribution of life in the context of cosmic evolution; this includes habitability in the Solar System and beyond. The AstRoMap Roadmap identifies five research topics, specifies several key scientific objectives for each topic, and suggests ways to achieve all the objectives. The five AstRoMap Research Topics are • Research Topic 1: Origin and Evolution of Planetary Systems• Research Topic 2: Origins of Organic Compounds in Space• Research Topic 3: Rock-Water-Carbon Interactions, Organic Synthesis on Earth, and Steps to Life• Research Topic 4: Life and Habitability• Research Topic 5: Biosignatures as Facilitating Life DetectionIt is strongly recommended that steps be taken towards the definition and implementation of a European Astrobiology Platform (or Institute) to streamline and optimize the scientific return by using a coordinated infrastructure and funding system. Key Words: Astrobiology roadmap—Europe—Origin and evolution of life—Habitability—Life detection—Life in extreme environments. Astrobiology 16, 201–243.

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“…Europa hides a liquid ocean in its interior, beneath an icy cover. This ocean may provide some habitats for life (Kargel et al 2000;Prieto-Ballesteros et al 2011;Noell et al 2015). Alkali sodium and potassium are considered key ingredients in biochemistry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium in Europa: An Atomic Journey through Water Ice

Ozgurel

Mousis

Pauzat

et al. 2018

ApJL

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Sodium and potassium are known to be present as neutral elements in the exosphere of Europa. The question of the origin of these alkalis-endogenous or exogenous-remains open. They have been ascribed to exogenous contamination due to volcanism from nearby Io, or the accretion of meteorites and dust. However, these mechanisms fail to fit the observed sodium-to-potassium ratio. Sodium and potassium have also been considered to originate from Europa's putative subsurface ocean, generated by past rock-water leaching. The latter scenario implies a journey of the ions and atoms throughout the ice covering Europa. This raises questions about their stability into the bulk as well as on top of ice. These questions are addressed with first principle periodic solid-state density functional theory simulations describing the relative propensities of sodium, potassium, and calcium for being trapped in the bulk. The evolution of the ionic character of these atoms is followed by means of a topological analysis as they come up to the surface of the ice crust. We find that the metals, almost totally ionized in the ice bulk (net charge ∼+0.8) where they are stabilized by ∼1 eV or more, recover a quasi-neutrality (net charge ∼+0.2) when weakly adsorbed at the surface by ∼0.15 eV. Our results are consistent with the assumption that sodium and potassium observed in Europa exosphere come from the sputtering of materials issued from the underlying ocean and exposed by resurfacing events. They also suggest that calcium should be searched for by future missions.

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Spectroscopy and Viability ofBacillus subtilisSpores after Ultraviolet Irradiation: Implications for the Detection of Potential Bacterial Life on Europa

Cited by 15 publications

References 65 publications

Living at the Extremes: Extremophiles and the Limits of Life in a Planetary Context

Living at the Extremes: Extremophiles and the Limits of Life in a Planetary Context

AstRoMap European Astrobiology Roadmap

Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium in Europa: An Atomic Journey through Water Ice

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