Spectroscopic Ultramicroanalysis with a Laser

Rosan, Robert C.; Healy, Mary; McNary, William F.

doi:10.1126/science.142.3589.236

Cited by 56 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…For some of these parameters the temperature dependence is known, but only for a limited temperature range (up to a few hundred K) and for relatively slow heating rates (up to several K per second). For laser ablation conditions the temperature range is extrapolated to high temperatures (up to several thousand K), and for heating rates of up to 10 10 K s 1 . Another important feature of ablation, which is never discussed in the photothermal models was repeatedly emphasized by Srinivasan [92]: the products of pyrolysis or ablation with a CO 2 laser are very different to the products of excimer laser ablation in the UV.…”

Section: Laser Application Of Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The early work by Brech and Cross [5] and the following work on energy of ions by time-of-flight [6] and of the emission of electrons and ions [7] led to the development of laser mass spectroscopies and the first commercial instrument in 1978 (Leybold-Heraeus). Other important papers appeared on laser photoemission [8], photography of ablation plumes [9], ablation of biological material [10], temperatures of plumes by rotationally and vibrationally resolved emission bands [11], clusters in ablation plumes [12], the first suggestion of laser fusion [13], vacuum ultraviolet generation [14], neutron- [15], and x-ray emission [16], multiply charged ions [17], and two- [18] and three-photon excited photoemission [19]. The first laser deposition of thin films was demonstrated by 1965 [20], but the films were of poor quality.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Laser Application of Polymers

Lippert

2004

Polymers and Light

148

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Laser ablation of polymers has been studied with designed materials to evaluate the mechanism of ablation and the role of photochemically active groups on the ablation process, and to test possible applications of laser ablation and designed polymers. The incorporation of photochemically active groups lowers the threshold of ablation and allows high-quality structuring without contamination and modification of the remaining surface. The decomposition of the active chromophore takes place during the excitation pulse of the laser and gaseous products are ejected with supersonic velocity. Time-of-flight mass spectrometry reveals that a metastable species is among the products, suggesting that excited electronic states are involved in the ablation process. Experiments with a reference material, i.e., polyimide, for which a photothermal ablation mechanism has been suggested, exhibited pronounced differences. These results strongly suggest that, in case of designed polymers which contain photochemically active groups, a photochemical part in the ablation mechanism cannot be neglected. Various potential applications for laser ablation and the special photopolymers were evaluated and it became clear that the potential of laser ablation and specially designed material is in the field of microstructuring. Laser ablation can be used to fabricate three-dimensional elements, e.g., microoptical elements.Keywords Laser ablation · Ablation mechanism · Photopolymers · Polyimide · Spectroscopy This was not always true, of course. For many years, the laser was viewed as "an answer in search of a question". That is, it was seen as an elegant device, but one with no real useful application outside of fundamental scientific research. In the last two to three decades however, numerous laser applications have moved from the laboratory to the industrial workplace or the commercial market. Lasers are unique energy sources characterized by their spectral purity, spatial and temporal coherence, and high average peak intensity. Each of these characteristics has led to applications that take advantage of these qualities: -Spatial coherence: e.g., remote sensing, range finding and many holographic techniques. -Spectral purity: e.g., atmospheric monitoring based on high-resolution spectroscopies. -and of course the many other applications in communication and storage, e.g., CDs.All of these high-tech applications have come to define everyday life in the late twentieth century. One property of lasers, however, that of high intensity, did not immediately lead to "delicate" applications but rather to those requiring "brute force". That is, the laser was used in applications for removing material or heating. The first realistic applications involved cutting, drilling, and welding, and the laser was little more advanced than a saw, a drill, or a torch. In a humorous vein A.L. Schawlow proposed and demonstrated the first "laser eraser" in 1965 [4], using the different absorptivities of paper and ink to remove the ink without damaging the und...

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Section: Laser Application Of Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser Application of Polymers

Lippert

2004

Polymers and Light

148

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“…The operation of this equipment involves the focusing of a beam from a Q-switched ruby laser through a microscope on a selected small target. Ashing of the tissue is not necessary and analytical results are rapidly available (148). B y means of carbon electrodes the temperature of the gases is then raised to spectral emissive levels.…”

Section: V Spectroscopic Ultramicroanalysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Effects of Laser Radiation

Fine

Klein

1965

Advances in Biological and Medical Physics

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“…This has become apparent after the early experiments where laser vaporization was followed by vapour excitation via electric discharges [9]. Using higher powers the two functions could be managed by the laser alone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Laser–Matter Interaction in LIBS Experiments

Malvezzi

2014

Springer Series in Optical Sciences

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Some of the physical processes occurring during the formation and expansion of the laser induced plasma are briefly reviewed. Their knowledge elucidates the role of the various effects in the energy flow from the laser pulse to the observed spectroscopic quantities, the parameters of interest in LIBS measurements, via all the intermediate mechanisms such as electron and ion heating, thermal diffusion, plasma formation, expansion, and particle ablation and kinetics.

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Spectroscopic Ultramicroanalysis with a Laser

Cited by 56 publications

References 2 publications

Laser Application of Polymers

Laser Application of Polymers

Biological Effects of Laser Radiation

Laser–Matter Interaction in LIBS Experiments

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