Abstract-A four-wave difference-frequency mixing scheme based on near resonant two-photon excitation of xenon with a femtosecond KrF-excimer laser system is used to generate tunable short pulse radiation in the VUV and UV spectral range between 133 and 355 nm with output energies of several J by applying tunable nanosecond laser radiation in the range of 1905 nm to 185 nm. At the excimer laser wavelengths of 193 nm (ArF), 308 nm (XeCI) and 351 nm (XeF), the process has been used to generate high power short pulse radiation by double-pass amplification in an additional excimer laser discharge. So far, output energies of 1.9, 3.0, and 2.8 mJ, respectively, have been obtained at pulse durations in the range of 1 ps. Nonlinear susceptibilities for the difference-frequency mixing process were calculated from a stationary susceptibility formalism and compared to experimental values.
I . INTRODUCTIONOR the generation of coherent tunable radiation in the F VUV spectral range, four-wave mixing is an important and widely used technique. A good review is given by Reintjes [l]. So far, mostly nanosecond pulse laser sources have been used for this process. By applying different gases and vapors tunable radiation from the near VUV down to about 70 nm has been generated [2]. Up to now, very few experiments have been performed with short pulse radiation [3]- [6].In two-photon resonant four-wave mixing schemes, which are especially favorable [7], [8], normally two photons of a pump laser field (a,) and one photon of an additional (injected) laser field (mi) are used to generate a signal photon (U,) at either the sum frequency w ,~ = 2w, + wi or the difference frequency w, = 2wf -wi. The field with the frequency wi may also be internally generated by amplified spontaneous emission (ASE), Raman-or hyperRaman-type processes [9].Basically, the field w, and wi may also both develop from quantum noise, if the induced polarization allows a sufficient high gain and phase matching conditions can be accomplished. This process then corresponds to the optical parametric oscillator/amplifier (OPO/OPA) applied in In principle, the four-wave parametric oscillator (FWPO) scheme is capable of delivering frequencies w, and wi in a broad spectral range. Due to index matching requirements, however, only distinct frequencies have been observed so far and neither tuning experiments comparable to those of the OPO in crystals have been performed nor broadband radiation has been obtained by this process.Recently, we have studied nonlinear processes in the two-photon excitation of xenon with a fs-KrF-excimer laser system [ 121. We observed intense broad-band emissions in the visible and near infrared spectral range (650-850 nm), coupled with a VUV emission (147-155 nm), and an emission in the UV range (1 85-400 nm). The generation process for these emissions was found to be noncollinear phase-matched nonresonant four-wave mixing process starting from quantum noise (FWPO-type process), supported in some cases (visible emission) by internally generated AS...