“…Germanate glass, especially barium gallo-germanate (BGG) glass, is an important matrix material for mid-infrared fiber lasers because of its superior transparency for infrared light, high solubility of rare-earth ions, high laser damage threshold, excellent chemical and mechanical properties. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] It has been reported that many pulsed and continuous wave fiber lasers at 2.0 µm could be prepared by using Tm 3+ doped BGG fibers. [8] However, when BGG glass fiber lasers were used in a high-energy ray irradiation environment, such as space applications, high-energy ray would result in darkening appearance of the BGG glass fibers, which is commonly referred to as radiation-induced darkening (RD).…”