Spectroscopic characterization of fulvic acids extracted from the rock exudate Shilajit

Khanna, Rajesh; Witt, Matthias; Anwer, Md. Khalid; Agarwal, Shivam; Koch, Boris P.

doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.08.009

Cited by 40 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…2(b)], the H/C (from 0.1 to 0.7) and O/C (from 0.0 to 0.5) ranges correspond to a typical region of highly condensed aromatic structures having sufficient oxygen functional groups, which render them soluble in polar solvents [28,30,31]. This result contrasts to previous ESI FT-ICR MS data of fulvic acids, which have indicated a predominance of ions with an H/C range greater than 0.75 and O/C range greater than 0.25 [32,33]. This contrast in the van Krevelen diagrams for DEBRIS and fulvic acids could be associated to differences in the chemical composition, considering that fulvic acids are originated from the humification process having proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and secondary metabolites as precursors.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 78%

Structural and proactive safety aspects of oxidation debris from multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Stéfani

Paula

Vaz

et al. 2011

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 78%

Structural and proactive safety aspects of oxidation debris from multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Stéfani

Paula

Vaz

et al. 2011

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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“…MP, also known as shilajit, is a sulfur-containing compound, which tested positive for sterols, tannins, amino acids and carbohydrates (Tables 5 and 6), an observation consistent with the literature (Khanna et al, 2008;Park et al, 2006). The HPTLC profile of the aqueous extract of MP revealed the presence of nine components (Figure 1).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Mineral pitch (MP), which is used in the traditional Indian system of medicine as an adaptogen to enhance strength, stamina and stress relief, is an organic humic substance found in the rock rhizosphores (Khanna et al, 2008). It is the end product of plant matter trapped within the rocks in Himalayan Mountains, and ejects from crevices of rocks in the lower Himalayas and Nepal during hot weather.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineral pitch stimulates humoral, cellular and innate immune responses in mice

Rubab

Routray

Mahmood

et al. 2013

Pharmaceutical Biology

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Context: Mineral pitch (MP), a traditional medicine, is proposed to boost immunity in conditions that suppress Th1 cytokines such as AIDS/HIV, tuberculosis, leishmaniasis and cancer. Objective: This study investigates the immunoregulatory mechanisms of MP in innate, humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Materials and methods: Mice given MP (100, 200, 300 or 400 mg/kg, orally) for 10 consecutive days were immunized intravenously with goat RBC or ovalbumin, and investigated for plaqueforming cells (PFC), hemagglutination titer, hypersensitivity response, lymphocyte proliferation and macrophage function. Results: MP increased PFC (330.2 versus 182.2/10 6 splenocytes) in mice immunized with goat RBC and elicited ovalbumin-specific IgG titer at 400 mg/kg. Increase in Th1 immunity was correlated with the increased level of IFN-g (724 versus 470 pg/ml) and decreased IL-4 (96 versus 178 pg/ml). CD4 þ /CD3þ ratio and delayed-type hypersensitivity response also increased to, respectively, 20.62 AE 0.59 (versus 16.47 AE 0.72) and 1.59 AE 0.12 (versus 0.87 AE 0.10 mm) in MP-treated mice. MP increased lymphocyte proliferation (11.14 AE 0.60 versus 5.81 AE 0.40 SI) and macrophage phagocyte response (0.24 AE 0.02 versus 0.15 AE 0.009), expressed as absorbance at 570 nm, but decreased nitrite production (17.4 AE 1.10 versus 24.3 AE 1.30 mM/10 6 cells). We also observed an increased bone marrow cellularity (24.5 AE 1.10 versus 17.10 AE 0.70 cells/femur) and WBC count (12 667 AE 377 versus 9178 AE 213 cells/mm 3 ) following MP treatment. There was no sign of toxicity at 400 mg/kg, 1/12th of reported LD 50 . Conclusion: MP elicits a dose-dependent Th1 immune response.

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“…The technique resolves thousands of individual molecular species based on precise mass determinations, and has been used to constrain molecular formulas (including N and S compounds) for components in highly complex mixtures such as oils (Schaub et al, 2005), terrestrial humic substances (Kujawinski et al, 2002;Stenson et al, 2003;Koch et al, 2007), aerosols (Reemtsma et al, 2006), and dissolved OM from the oceanic water column (Koch et al, 2005;Hertkorn et al, 2006;Sleighter and Hatcher, 2008) sediment porewaters (Schmidt et al, 2009) and organic extracts derived from soil (e.g. Kujawinski et al, 2002;Kramer et al, 2004;Hughey et al, 2008) and rock samples (Khanna et al, 2008). FT-ICR-MS enables molecular differences between organic matter sources and selective molecular preservation induced by processes such as microbial and photo-degradation to be examined (e.g.…”

Section: Resolving Unresolved Complex Mixtures: Molecular Characterismentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective preservation of organic matter in marine environments; processes and impact on the sedimentary record

et al. 2010

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Abstract. The present paper is the result of a workshop sponsored by the DFG Research Center/Cluster of Excellence MARUM "The Ocean in the Earth System", the International Graduate College EUROPROX, and the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research. The workshop brought together specialists on organic matter degradation and on proxy-based environmental reconstruction. The paper deals with the main theme of the workshop, understanding the impact of selective degradation/preservation of organic matter (OM) in marine sediments on the interpretation of the fossil record. Special attention is paid to (A) the influence of the molecular composition of OM in relation to the biological and physical depositional environment, including new methods for determining complex organic biomolecules, (B) the impact of selective OM preservation on the interpretation of proxies for marine palaeoceanographic and palaeoclimatic reconstruction, and (C) past marine productivity and selective preservation in sediments.It appears that most of the factors influencing OM preservation have been identified, but many of the mechanisms by which they operate are partly, or even fragmentarily, underCorrespondence to: G. J. M. Versteegh (versteegh@uni-bremen.de) stood. Some factors have not even been taken carefully into consideration. This incomplete understanding of OM breakdown hampers proper assessment of the present and past carbon cycle as well as the interpretation of OM based proxies and proxies affected by OM breakdown.To arrive at better proxy-based reconstructions "deformation functions" are needed, taking into account the transport and diagenesis-related molecular and atomic modifications following proxy formation.Some emerging proxies for OM degradation may shed light on such deformation functions. The use of palynomorph concentrations and selective changes in assemblage composition as models for production and preservation of OM may correct for bias due to selective degradation. Such quantitative assessment of OM degradation may lead to more accurate reconstruction of past productivity and bottom water oxygenation.Given the cost and effort associated with programs to recover sediment cores for paleoclimatological studies, as well as with generating proxy records, it would seem wise to develop a detailed sedimentological and diagenetic context for interpretation of these records. With respect to the latter, parallel acquisition of data that inform on the fidelity of the proxy signatures and reveal potential diagenetic biases would be of clear value.

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Spectroscopic characterization of fulvic acids extracted from the rock exudate Shilajit

Cited by 40 publications

References 23 publications

Structural and proactive safety aspects of oxidation debris from multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Structural and proactive safety aspects of oxidation debris from multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Mineral pitch stimulates humoral, cellular and innate immune responses in mice

Selective preservation of organic matter in marine environments; processes and impact on the sedimentary record

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