Spectroscopic Characterisation of Cationic Quaternary Ammonium Starches

Abstract

Near‐infrared, infrared and Raman spectra of native starch and cationic quaternary ammonium starches prepared by different reaction methods were recorded. An interpretation of the spectra is given that takes the structural changes of the starch molecules and the degree of substitution (DS) into consideration. The near‐infrared spectra of the cationic starches showed additional bands compared to native starch at about 6010 cm−1 and 4438 cm−1, which are assigned to the first overtone of the stretching vibration and to a combination band of the CH3 groups in the trimethyl ammonium substituent. No significant changes in the infrared spectra of the cationic starches could be observed due to strong absorption bands of OH and H2O. By contrast, the Raman spectra of the cationic starches showed characteristic bands of the trimethyl ammonium substituent at about 3030, 970 and 761 cm−1. Plots of the ratios of intensity of the 761 cm−1 band to an unchanged starch band at 938 cm−1 versus DS gave linear curves which could be used for DS determination. Furthermore, the use of a NIR calibration model for DS determination with a standard error of calibration (SECV) of 0.003 is reported.

The behaviour of cationic NanoFibrillar Cellulose in aqueous media

“…Distinct new bands at positions 761 and 3,030 cm -1 are caused by symmetric stretching of the (CH 3 ) 3 -N ? and CH 3 antisymmetric stretching, respectively (Phillips et al 1999;Pigorsch 2009). Thus the Raman microspectroscopy clearly confirmed the cationic modification of the cellulose fibrils.…”

A review of bioactive plant polysaccharides: Biological activities, functionalization, and biomedical applications

“…Quaternary ammonium cationic starches, the major commercial starch ethers, are commonly prepared by the reaction of an aqueous alkaline solution of 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride or 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (Pigorsch, 2009). The quaternary ammonium-substituted cationic starches may form nanoparticles with anionic sodium tripolyphosphate.…”

Synthesis and characterization of a novel potato starch derivative with cationic acetylcholine groups

“…They are usually used as wet-end additives in papermaking industry and as flocculants in wastewater treatment [9][10][11]. The benefits of their use include better fiber and filler retention, improved mechanical strength and better biodegradability of excess additives [7].…”

“…Cationic starch (CS) is a modified starch derivative with positive charge groups, which is commonly prepared by the reaction of native starch with conventional positive charge groups such as amino, imino, and ammonium [4][5][6]. The most widely used cationic starches are the starch ethers with tertiary amino and quaternary ammonium groups, which are prepared by the reaction of native starch with a cationic reagent 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (CHPT-MAC) or 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (EPTMAC) under various conditions [6][7][8]. They are usually used as wet-end additives in papermaking industry and as flocculants in wastewater treatment [9][10][11].…”