Spectroscopic and microscopic investigation of the corrosion of 316/316L stainless steel by lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) at elevated temperatures: importance of surface preparation

Johnson, Allen L.; Parsons, Denise; Manzerova, Julia; Perry, Dale L.; Koury, Daniel; Hosterman, Brian D.; Farley, John W.

doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2004.03.006

Cited by 44 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel is widely used in industrial applications due to its good creep properties and oxidation resistance provided by the high alloy chromium content [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Several studies proposed that, at high temperature, chromia-forming alloys such as AISI 316L SS exhibit an oxide growth leading mainly to Cr 2 O 3 and Mn 1.5 Cr 1.5 O 4 formation [9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Galerie et al have explained that the breakaway on a Fe-15%Cr alloy was induced by rapid growth of hematite at the metal/chromia interface, at 800-1000 °C, in Ar-15 vol.% H 2 O [23]. But in many cases, the chromia scale failure was related to the formation of the CrO 2 (OH) 2 and Cr(OH) 3 volatile hydroxides [28][29][30]. Evaporation can lead to the alloy chromium depletion resulting in the formation of an iron-rich non-protective scale.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of water vapour on 316L oxidation at high temperature - in situ X-Ray diffraction

Buscail¹,

Rolland²,

Perrier³

2015

Ann. Chim. Sci. Mat.

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-Water vapour mixed with air (10 vol.% H 2 O) has little effect on the AISI 316L stainless steel oxidation under isothermal conditions at 800 and 900 °C. The oxide scale is composed of Cr 2 O 3 and Mn 1.5 Cr 1.5 O 4 located at the external interface. Results show that the presence of water lowers the specimen's mass gain. At 1000 °C, the effect of water vapour on the scale structure is deleterious. In situ X-ray diffraction permits to show that the breakaway is due to iron oxidation starting after about 30 hours. This leads to an external Fe 2 O 3 scale growth and an internal multilayered FeCr 2 O 4 scale formation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of water vapour on 316L oxidation at high temperature - in situ X-Ray diffraction

Buscail¹,

Rolland²,

Perrier³

2015

Ann. Chim. Sci. Mat.

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“…The AISI 316L stainless steel is a technologically important material widely used in various sectors of industry due to its good corrosion resistance at high temperatures [1][2][3][4][5][6]. It has been shown that 100 h oxidation, in air, at 700°C leads to the presence of Cr 2 O 3 and Fe 2 O 3 protuberant areas in the oxide scale [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Depending on the application, such materials are subjected to corrosive atmospheres and thermal cycling. Several studies [1][2][3][4][5][6] highlighted that, at high temperature, chromia-forming alloys such as AISI 316L stainless steels present an oxide growth leading mainly to chromia Cr 2 O 3 and spinel type oxide formation. However, in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies have never been performed on AISI 316L specimens at 800°C in order to check if a change in the structural composition of the layer appears with time and if oxide phase transitions occur during cooling to room temperature as it was demonstrated on a AISI 304 substrate [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Pre-Oxidation at 800 °C on the Pitting Corrosion Resistance of the AISI 316L Stainless Steel

Buscail¹,

Messki²,

Riffard³

et al. 2010

Oxid Met

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In situ X-ray diffraction was used to identify the oxides formed on the AISI 316L (containing 2% Mo) stainless steel during isothermal oxidation at 800°C, in air. Good oxidation behavior was observed on this steel when considering kinetics, structural characteristics and scale adherence. It was demonstrated that molybdenum plays a protective role in that it hinders the outward iron diffusion and leads to the lower growth rate and the better scale adherence. The oxide scale was then composed of Cr 2 O 3 with a small amount of Mn 1,5 Cr 1,5 O 4 at the external interface. Pre-oxidation of the AISI 316L also improved its aqueous corrosion resistance. No pitting corrosion occured during the corrosion test. Aqueous corrosion testing also showed that the oxide scale formed at 800°C is crack-free and still adherent after cooling to room temperature.

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“…Since the minimum temperature in the system is limited by the melting point of LBE, it is necessary to increase the hot-leg temperature as much as possible. However, a major drawback in using liquid LBE at high temperatures elevation is the increasing solubility of many chemical elements [3,11,[13][14][15][16] and the potential for liquid-metal-assisted corrosion (LME) of the structural materials in contact with LBE [5,[11][12][13][14]. Besides the above mentioned phenomena, applying stress to the unprotected solid metals exposed to liquid metals, the former may experience liquid metal embrittlement (LME), characterized by premature brittle failure, depending on various parameters [72,73].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study of deformation and strain induced in bulk by the oxide layers formation on a Fe-Cr-Al alloy in high-temperature liquid Pb-Bi eutectic

et al. 2018

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At elevated temperatures, heavy liquid metals and their alloys are known to create a highly corrosive environment that causes irreversible degradation of most iron-based materials. It has been found that an appropriate concentration of oxygen in the liquid alloy can significantly reduce this issue by creating a passivating oxide scale that controls diffusion, especially if Al is present in Fe-based materials (by Al-oxide formation). However, the increase of the temperature and of oxygen content in liquid phase leads to the increase of oxygen diffusion into bulk, and to promotion of the internal Al oxidation. This can cause a strain in bulk near the oxide layer, due either to mismatch between the thermal expansion coefficients of the oxides and bulk material, or to misfit of the crystal lattices (bulk vs. oxides). This work investigates the strain induced into proximal bulk of a Fe-Cr-Al alloy by oxide layers formation in liquid lead-bismuth eutectic utilizing synchrotron X-ray Laue microdiffraction. It is found that internal oxidation is the most likely cause for the strain in the metal rather than thermal expansion mismatch as a two-layer problem.Dear Sir, I re-submit our paper entitled: "A study of deformation and strain induced in bulk by the oxide layers formation on a Fe-Cr-Al alloy in high-temperature liquid Pb-Bi eutectic" on behalf of all co-authors to Acta Materialia, after addressing all the revisions stated by the reviewer. In the study, we analyze a strain in the near-interface bulk of ferritic FeCrAl alloy after its exposure to heavy liquid metals. Two possible origins of strain were considered: internal oxidation of aluminum in bulk, and thermal expansion mismatch between the oxide and the bulk. A positive correlation of dislocation density with peak width distribution indicates that strain comes from plastic deformation, while the evidence of grain refinement and sub-grain formation indicates a noticeable internal oxidation. Based on the comparison with theoretical predictions, we conclude that internal oxidation is more dominant mechanism of strain induction.Sincerely, Miroslav P. Popovic, UC Berkeley Cover LetterWe thank the reviewer for his/her time and effort.Below we address all reviewer's comments (labeled "C") in detail, marked in green (labeled "A").C 0: -Dear authors, congratulations for this interesting work.A 0: We thank the reviewer for his/her assessment of our paper. C1-1: You are studying the deformation and strain induced in the bulk of a Fe-Cr-Al alloy (Alkrothal 720) by oxide scales that form in liquid LBE. Alkrothal is a bcc alloy, a fact that you should clearly mention when you describe the material in the Experimental section (not just mention that it is a ferritic alloy), giving some basic information on the lattice parameters. A1-2: We thank the reviewer for this suggestion. We made changes in the manuscript and modified our statement (in the first paragraph of section 2. Experimental), so it reads now as following: C1-2. What you neglect to mention, however, is th...

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Spectroscopic and microscopic investigation of the corrosion of 316/316L stainless steel by lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) at elevated temperatures: importance of surface preparation

Cited by 44 publications

References 29 publications

Influence of water vapour on 316L oxidation at high temperature - in situ X-Ray diffraction

Influence of water vapour on 316L oxidation at high temperature - in situ X-Ray diffraction

Effect of Pre-Oxidation at 800 °C on the Pitting Corrosion Resistance of the AISI 316L Stainless Steel

A study of deformation and strain induced in bulk by the oxide layers formation on a Fe-Cr-Al alloy in high-temperature liquid Pb-Bi eutectic

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