Abstract:The study characterized heterogeneous biocatalyst synthesized from sucrose, saw dust, and chicken egg shells using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy coupled with Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) technique. Acidic sulphonate (–SO3H) groups were more visible in the spectrum generated for carbonized and sulphonated sucrose than in carbonized and sulphonated saw dust. This was highlighted further by the significantly higher conversion percentage achieved for sulphonated sucrose (62.5%) than sulphona… Show more
“…The sharp band at 1744/cm is assigned as a carboxyl or carbonyl group 43 . This band is the characteristic of SFO and LSO spectrums 42,44 and was not present in the AG film spectrum. The absence of this peak in alginate films was also reported by the researchers 45,46 .…”
Alginates with excellent film‐forming ability have a promising potential as a safe and biodegradable food packaging material, but as a hydrophilic biopolymer, its general weakness against water has limited its applications. To surpass this weakness, in this study, coating of calcium alginate films with linseed or sunflower oils in micrometric (about 4.55 μm) and submicrometric (about 0.45 μm) thickness was performed, and the characteristics of the films were evaluated. All of the films were homogeneous, transparent and almost colourless. Micro‐coated films presented improved ultraviolet absorbing spectra. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images proved the formation of homogeneous and continuous submicron‐coated oil layers for both types of the oils, while some inhomogeneity and defects were observed in the micro‐coated films. Oxidative polymerization of linseed oil was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral analyses. The mechanical strength of the films micro‐coated with linseed oil increased. Submicron coating improved water vapour barrier properties (from 2.20 to 2.92 g/mm/m2/day/kPa) as well as water vapour absorption of the alginate film compared to other films. This result was confirmed by thermogravimetric analyses. The increase in surface hydrophobicity of the films by coating resulted in a significant increase in contact angle (from 46.3° to 89.9° in maximum) and reduction of wettability. The film submicron coated with linseed oil showed the best performance with the least water vapour permeability, water vapour absorption and wettability.
“…The sharp band at 1744/cm is assigned as a carboxyl or carbonyl group 43 . This band is the characteristic of SFO and LSO spectrums 42,44 and was not present in the AG film spectrum. The absence of this peak in alginate films was also reported by the researchers 45,46 .…”
Alginates with excellent film‐forming ability have a promising potential as a safe and biodegradable food packaging material, but as a hydrophilic biopolymer, its general weakness against water has limited its applications. To surpass this weakness, in this study, coating of calcium alginate films with linseed or sunflower oils in micrometric (about 4.55 μm) and submicrometric (about 0.45 μm) thickness was performed, and the characteristics of the films were evaluated. All of the films were homogeneous, transparent and almost colourless. Micro‐coated films presented improved ultraviolet absorbing spectra. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images proved the formation of homogeneous and continuous submicron‐coated oil layers for both types of the oils, while some inhomogeneity and defects were observed in the micro‐coated films. Oxidative polymerization of linseed oil was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral analyses. The mechanical strength of the films micro‐coated with linseed oil increased. Submicron coating improved water vapour barrier properties (from 2.20 to 2.92 g/mm/m2/day/kPa) as well as water vapour absorption of the alginate film compared to other films. This result was confirmed by thermogravimetric analyses. The increase in surface hydrophobicity of the films by coating resulted in a significant increase in contact angle (from 46.3° to 89.9° in maximum) and reduction of wettability. The film submicron coated with linseed oil showed the best performance with the least water vapour permeability, water vapour absorption and wettability.
“…Pure MF presents the clear spectrum at 2954, 2915, 2871, 2839, 1451, 1374, 1165, and 1103 cm -1 , which are assigned to CH 3 stretching (2954 and 2871 cm -1 ), CH 2 stretching (2915 and 2839 cm -1 ), CH 2 and CH 3 bending (1451 cm -1 ), CH 3 bending (1374 cm -1 ), and C-C stretching (1165 and 1103 cm -1 ). S-MF exhibited additional spetrum at 3419 cm -1 , broad peak near 1629 cm -1 , 1245 cm -1 , and 1057 cm -1 , which are assigned to O-H strectching, the vibration of C=C group, O=S=O asymmetric stretching, and O=S=O symmetric stretching [9] , [12] , [13] , [14] . Fig.…”
COVID-19 is a pandemic that has caused serious disruption in almost every day-to-day life around the world, and wearing a mask is essential for human safety from this virus. However, masks are non-recyclable materials, and the accumulation of masks used every day causes serious environmental issues. In this study, we investigate the recycling of mask materials for addressing the environmental problems and transforming as a high value-added material through chemical modification of masks. The recycled mask is applied as a separator for aqueous rechargeable batteries, and shows outstanding safety and electrochemical performance than the existing separator. This approach will lead to an advanced energy technology considering nature after overcoming COVID-19.
“…The strong ester peaks characterized around 1750 cm -1 (C=O) and between 1170-1200 cm -1 (C-O) are clearly present in the spectra. In addition to this, other characteristic peaks of biodiesel indicate the presence of CH 3 group in methyl ester mixtures, and can be observed in the 1450 cm -1 range (Ezekannagha et al, 2017;Wembabazi et al, 2015).…”
The need to develop sustainable alternative energy resources becomes an imperative as conventional energy sources are depleted. Ionic liquids (ILs) have acquired notoriety in several applications because of their interesting characteristics, such as favoring solubilization in organic substances, and presenting low surface tension and volatility. Aprotic ionic liquids (AILs) are used commonly as catalysts in biodiesel production. To achieve good results, considerable amounts of these compounds must be used in the reaction, which may affect the feasibility of the process due to its high cost. In this context, protic ionic liquids (PILs) may represent a less expensive alternative to traditional catalysts. When examining the surfactant activity of the ILs, one can observe that low concentrations can be applied to improve the yield of the reaction. Therefore, this study evaluates the use of diethylenetriammonium hexanoate ([DETA][Hx]), a protic ionic liquid, as a co-solvent in the alkaline transesterification of soybean oil. The research presented satisfactory results, indicating that the use of small amounts of co-solvents enhances biodiesel yield in 8.14%, reaching around 96% with only 3% (w/w) of [DETA][Hx] in 60 minutes of reaction, meeting the specifications of European (EN 14214), American (ASTM D6751), and Brazilian (ANP 45/2014) standards.
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