Spectrophotometry as a Tool for Dosage Sugars in Nectar of Crops Pollinated by Honeybees

Toledo, Vagner de Alencar Arnaut de; Rúvolo-Takasusuki, Maria Cláudia Colla; Oliveira, Arildo José Braz de; Chambó, Émerson Dechechi; Lopes, Sheila Mara Sanches

doi:10.5772/48043

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 60 publications

(57 reference statements)

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“…Thus, we do not compare absolute carbohydrate values between the two sets of data. However, de Toledo et al (2012) demonstrated the different methods measure the same type of carbohydrates and give comparable results.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mirid feeding preference as influenced by light and temperature‐mediated changes in plant nutrient concentration in cocoa

Awudzi

Hadley

Hatcher

et al. 2020

Annals of Applied Biology

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Cocoa mirids are the most important insect pests of cocoa in West Africa. This study investigated the effect of environmental parameters that are modulated by overhead shade, that is, light intensity and temperature, on nutrient and phenolic concentrations in cocoa and their subsequent effect on mirid feeding. Eight‐month‐old cocoa seedlings were maintained for 50 days in two growth chambers set to day temperatures of 25 or 30°C. Each chamber had sections with different light intensities (541, 365 and 181 μmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetically active radiation [PAR]). For the field studies at Akim Tafo in Ghana, 8‐month‐old plants of three cocoa clones were subjected to shaded (PAR = 180 μmol m−2 s−1, between 11:00 a.m. and 12:00 p.m.) and unshaded (PAR = 1,767 μmol m−2 s−1, between 11:00 a.m. and 12:00 p.m.) treatments for 50 days after which nutrient measurements and mirid choice tests were carried out. No significant effect of environment was observed on the phenolic concentration of stems under controlled environment chamber conditions. However, in the field, the phenolic concentration of stems was significantly greater for unshaded compared with shaded plants (p = .04). Under controlled conditions, the leaf nitrogen concentration increased slightly with light intensity (p = .003). The same trend was seen in stems but only at 30°C. In the field, the impact of overhead shade on nitrogen varied between cocoa clones. The concentration of carbohydrates in both leaves and stems in the field was higher under unshaded conditions. When subjected to feeding tests, stems from unshaded cocoa had significantly more mirid feeding lesions (p = .003) after 24 hr exposure to mirids compared to shaded cocoa. Mirid feeding therefore appears not to be deterred by the higher phenolic levels but rather there was a preference for cocoa tissue grown under unshaded conditions. These findings highlight the need to consider the growing environment of cocoa clones when screening for varieties with resistance to mirids.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mirid feeding preference as influenced by light and temperature‐mediated changes in plant nutrient concentration in cocoa

Awudzi

Hadley

Hatcher

et al. 2020

Annals of Applied Biology

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“…All of these assays rely on the same general principle: carbohydrates (including bound carbohydrate and glycoprotein) are hydrolyzed using a strong acid and heat. The reaction mixture contains a developing reagent (phenols, orcinol, o -toluidine, anthrone, carbazole) that allows the development of a color measurable by spectrophotomeric means ( Georges, 1971 ; de Toledo et al, 2012 ). Among these assays, the phenol–sulfuric acid assay from Dubois et al (1951 , 1956) ( Figure 8 ) and the anthrone assay ( Dreywood, 1946 ; Morse, 1947 ; Trevelyan et al, 1952 ) have been the most popular for years and are used extensively in many labs.…”

Section: Carbon Source Consumption and By-product Release Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Methods to Determine Viability, Vitality, and Metabolic Rates in Microbiology

et al. 2020

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Viability and metabolic assays are commonly used as proxies to assess the overall metabolism of microorganisms. The variety of these assays combined with little information provided by some assay kits or online protocols often leads to mistakes or poor interpretation of the results. In addition, the use of some of these assays is restricted to simple systems (mostly pure cultures), and care must be taken in their application to environmental samples. In this review, the necessary data are compiled to understand the reactions or measurements performed in many of the assays commonly used in various aspects of microbiology. Also, their relationships to each other, as metabolism links many of these assays, resulting in correlations between measured values and parameters, are discussed. Finally, the limitations of these assays are discussed.

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“…The lignocellulose composition of the reed stems was analyzed according to laboratory analytical procedures (LAP) suggested by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) [31][32][33]. The cellulase activity of Cellic ® CTec2 was measured following the guidelines of the NREL, using an adapted version of the reagents as found in Arnaut de Toledo et al to avoid the application of hazardous phenol [34,35]. The total nitrogen content was analyzed by the Kjeldahl method using the Kjeldahl Sampler System K-370/371 (BÜCHI, Essen, Germany) [36].…”

Section: Analyticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

L-(+)-Lactic Acid from Reed: Comparing Various Resources for the Nutrient Provision of B. coagulans

et al. 2020

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Biotechnological production of lactic acid (LA) is based on the so-called first generation feedstocks, meaning sugars derived from food and feed crops such as corn, sugarcane and cassava. The aim of this study was to exploit the potential of a second generation resource: Common reed (Phragmites australis) is a powerfully reproducing sweet grass which grows in wetlands and creates vast monocultural populations. This lignocellulose biomass bears the possibility to be refined to value-added products, without competing with agro industrial land. Besides utilizing reed as a renewable and inexpensive substrate, low-cost nutritional supplementation was analyzed for the fermentation of thermophilic Bacillus coagulans. Various nutritional sources such as baker’s and brewer’s yeast, lucerne green juice and tryptone were investigated for the replacement of yeast extract. The structure of the lignocellulosic material was tackled by chemical treatment (1% NaOH) and enzymatic hydrolysis (Cellic® CTec2). B. coagulans DSM ID 14-300 was employed for the homofermentative conversion of the released hexose and pentose sugars to polymerizable L‑(+)-LA of over 99.5% optical purity. The addition of autolyzed baker’s yeast led to the best results of fermentation, enabling an LA titer of 28.3 g L−1 and a yield of 91.6%.

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Spectrophotometry as a Tool for Dosage Sugars in Nectar of Crops Pollinated by Honeybees

Cited by 6 publications

References 60 publications

Mirid feeding preference as influenced by light and temperature‐mediated changes in plant nutrient concentration in cocoa

Mirid feeding preference as influenced by light and temperature‐mediated changes in plant nutrient concentration in cocoa

A Review of Methods to Determine Viability, Vitality, and Metabolic Rates in Microbiology

L-(+)-Lactic Acid from Reed: Comparing Various Resources for the Nutrient Provision of B. coagulans

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